Glial development in the <i>Drosophila</i> CNS requires concomitant activation of glial and repression of neuronal differentiation genes

Giesen, Kay; Hummel, Thomas; Stollewerk, Angelika; Harrison, S.C.; Travers, Andrew; Klämbt, Christian

doi:10.1242/dev.124.12.2307

Cited by 139 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…glial lineage (Badenhorst, 2001;Giesen et al, 1997). A transcription factor positively influencing glial differentiation is the ETS domain transcription factor Pointed P1, which is expressed in a large subset of glial cells in the CNS and the PNS (Klaes et al, 1994;Klambt, 1993).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast to the highly specific glial expression pattern, we know surprisingly little regarding the function of repo during glial differentiation (Lee and Jones, 2005; Yuasa et al, 2003). Besides its expression in other non‐neural cell types, the zinc finger protein Tramtrack is expressed in all glial cells as well and suppresses neuronal differentiation within the glial lineage (Badenhorst, 2001; Giesen et al, 1997). A transcription factor positively influencing glial differentiation is the ETS domain transcription factor Pointed P1, which is expressed in a large subset of glial cells in the CNS and the PNS (Klaes et al, 1994; Klambt, 1993).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transcriptional regulation of peripheral glial cell differentiation in the embryonic nervous system of drosophila

Schmidt

Franzdóttir

Edenfeld

et al. 2011

Glia

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The Drosophila nervous system is ideally suited to study glial cell development and function, because it harbors only relatively few glial cells, and nervous system development is very well conserved during evolution. In the past, enhancer trap studies provided tools allowing to study glial cells with a single-cell resolution and, moreover, disclosed a surprising molecular heterogeneity among the different glial cells. The peripheral nervous system in the embryo comprises only 12 glial cells in one hemisegment and thus offers a unique opportunity to decipher the mechanisms directing glial development. Here, we focus on transcriptional regulators that have been reported to function during gliogenesis. To uncover additional regulators, we have conducted a genetic screen and report the identification of two additional transcriptional regulators involved in the control of peripheral glial migration: nejire and tango.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptional regulation of peripheral glial cell differentiation in the embryonic nervous system of drosophila

Schmidt

Franzdóttir

Edenfeld

et al. 2011

Glia

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“…As in vertebrates, Drosophila glial cell fate is established through suppression of pro-neuronal genes and upregulation of pro-glial genes. In Drosophila , this is mediated through transcription factors repo , pointed and tramtrack that act downstream of gcm ( Halter et al, 1995 ; Giesen et al, 1997 ; Badenhorst, 2001 ; Yuasa et al, 2003 ). Interestingly, the vertebrate homologs, gcm1 and gcm2 , are not required for glial specification in the mouse nervous system.…”

Section: Drosophila Gliamentioning

confidence: 99%

Astrocyte development—More questions than answers

Markey

Saunders

Smuts

et al. 2023

Front. Cell Dev. Biol.

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The past 15–20 years has seen a remarkable shift in our understanding of astrocyte contributions to central nervous system (CNS) function. Astrocytes have emerged from the shadows of neuroscience and are now recognized as key elements in a broad array of CNS functions. Astrocytes comprise a substantial fraction of cells in the human CNS. Nevertheless, fundamental questions surrounding their basic biology remain poorly understood. While recent studies have revealed a diversity of essential roles in CNS function, from synapse formation and function to blood brain barrier maintenance, fundamental mechanisms of astrocyte development, including their expansion, migration, and maturation, remain to be elucidated. The coincident development of astrocytes and synapses highlights the need to better understand astrocyte development and will facilitate novel strategies for addressing neurodevelopmental and neurological dysfunction. In this review, we provide an overview of the current understanding of astrocyte development, focusing primarily on mammalian astrocytes and highlight outstanding questions that remain to be addressed. We also include an overview of Drosophila glial development, emphasizing astrocyte-like glia given their close anatomical and functional association with synapses. Drosophila offer an array of sophisticated molecular genetic tools and they remain a powerful model for elucidating fundamental cellular and molecular mechanisms governing astrocyte development. Understanding the parallels and distinctions between astrocyte development in Drosophila and vertebrates will enable investigators to leverage the strengths of each model system to gain new insights into astrocyte function.

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“…In concert with Repo, these factors promote glial differentiation (Gcm, Repo, and Pnt) in parallel to a suppression of the neuronal ground state (Repo and Ttk) (Fig. 7) (Badenhorst 2001;Giesen et al, 1997;Yuasa et al, 2003). Unlike gcm, no orthologs for the repo gene were found in vertebrates and the gliogenic role for Repo seems restricted to insects.…”

Section: Nb-derived Lateral Glia Are Determined By Glial Cells Missin...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Glial cell progenitors in the Drosophila embryo

Altenhein

2015

Glia

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Development and general organization of the nervous system is comparable between insects and vertebrates. Our current knowledge on the formation of neurogenic anlagen and the generation of neural stem cells is deeply influenced by work done in invertebrate model organisms such as Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans. It is the aim of this review to summarize the most important steps in neurogenesis in the Drosophila embryo with a special emphasis on glial cell progenitors and the specification of glial cells. Induction of neurogenic regions during early embryogenesis and determination of neural stem cells are briefly described. Special attention is given to the formation of neural precursors called neuroblasts (NB) and their lineages. NBs divide in a stem cell mode to generate a cell clone of either neurons and/or glial cells. The latter require the activation of the transcription factor glial cells missing (gcm), thus providing a binary switch between neuronal and glial cell fates. Further aspects of glial cell specification and the resulting heterogeneity of the glial population in Drosophila are discussed.

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Glial development in the Drosophila CNS requires concomitant activation of glial and repression of neuronal differentiation genes

Cited by 139 publications

References 64 publications

Transcriptional regulation of peripheral glial cell differentiation in the embryonic nervous system of drosophila

Transcriptional regulation of peripheral glial cell differentiation in the embryonic nervous system of drosophila

Astrocyte development—More questions than answers

Glial cell progenitors in the Drosophila embryo

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