Global Alert: Zika Virus-an Emerging Arbovirus

Abstract

Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arbovirus of the Flavivirus genus, and it has an envelope and a single RNA molecule. In early 2016, the World Health Organization declared ZIKV infection to be an emerging global health threat. The major transmission route of the virus to humans is Aedes mosquitoes. ZIKV can be transmitted between humans by transplacental, perinatal, and sexual routes and via blood and body fluids. ZIKV infection usually results in a mild and self-limiting disease with low-grade fever, conjunctivitis, and periorbital edema. Neurological complications such as Guillain-Barré syndrome, meningoencephalitis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, acute myelitis, and transverse myelitis have been reported during ZIKV infection. Intrauterine and congenital ZIKV infections have strong teratogenic effects on the fetus. Intrauterine or congenital ZIKV infection can lead to microcephaly, ocular anomalies (such as macular atrophy, pigment mottling, and optic nerve anomalies), and cardiac anomalies (such as atrial or ventricular septal defect). Calcification in the brain between the cortical and subcortical areas, ventriculomegaly, cerebellar hypoplasia, corpus callosum hypoplasia, cortical/subcortical atrophy, delayed myelination, enlarged cisterna magna, and craniofacial disproportion have been reported as brain development defects. ZIKV infection usually results in a mild disease, and it does not require specific therapy. However, complications of infection during the early period of life are serious. Thus, many drugs have been investigated, and vaccine development studies have been conducted to prevent ZIKV infection. Vector control and personal protection from mosquito-borne transmission are important for decreasing the prevalence of ZIKV infection. In particular, pregnant residents or travelers to endemic areas should be carefully protected against mosquito-borne transmission.Keywords: Zika virus, Flavivirus, microcephaly, Guillain-Barré Syndrome, aedes, arbovirus ÖZ Zika virus (ZIKV), Flavivirus ailesinden sivrisineklerle bulaşan zarflı ve tek sarmallı RNA'ya sahip bir arbovirusdur. 2016 yılı başında Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (DSÖ) ZIKV enfeksiyonunun giderek önemi artan bir küresel tehdit olduğunu açıklamıştır. Virusun insanlara esas geçiş yolu Aedes tipi sivrisineklerin ısırmasıdır. İnsanlar arasında transplasental, perinatal, cinsel yolla, ayrıca kan ve vücut sıvıları aracılığı ile bulaşır. ZIKV enfeksiyonu genellikle hafif ve kendini sınırlandıran hastalık olup, düşük derecede ateş, konjuktivit ve periorbital ödem ile seyreder. ZIKV enfeksiyonu esnasında Guillain-Barre sendromu, meningoensefalit, akut dissemine ensefalomyelit (ADEM), akut myelit, transvers myelit gibi nörolojik komplikasyonlar rapor edilmiştir. Intrauterin ve konjenital ZIKV enfeksiyonu fetus üzerinde ağır teratojenik etkiye sahiptir. İntrauterin enfeksiyon mikrosefali, oküler anomaliler (maküler atrofi, pigment beneklenmesi ve optik sinir anomalileri gibi) ve kardiyak anomalilere (atrial veya ventriküler septal defekt gibi) yol açabilir. ...

A new threat to India- Zika! An obstetrician's perspective

“…However, the recent emergence and spread of ZIKV in the Americas has resulted in the WHO declaration of Public Health Emergency of International Concern, on 1 st February, 2016 due to the potential association between the infection and prenatal microcephaly or other brain anomalies. 3,5 Recent studies have suggested ZIKV infections to be highly neurotrophic, with a few cases reporting association with bilateral macular and perimacular lesions in eye. Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) was associated with the Zika virus outbreaks in Brazil and Venezuela.…”

“…Evidence implies transplacental transmission and perinatal transmission during delivery, with Zika virus RNA being found in amniotic fluid and in paired blood samples taken from newborn infants and mother. 5,6 Presentation, diagnosis and management From the obstetrician view point any maculo-papular rash with fever >37.2 o C occurring in pregnancy with conjuctivitis, myalgia, headache, pruritus, malaise or arthalgia should be thought as viral infection in endemic regions. Adverse outcomes have been noted regardless of the trimester during which the women were infected with ZIKV (55% of pregnancies had adverse outcomes after maternal infection in the first trimester, 52% after infection in the second trimester, and 29% after infection in third trimester.…”

Zika Virus and Microcephaly: An Enemy of Public Health

“…The virus has two lines: African and Asian. The virus of the American continent originated from the Asian lineage (Haddow et al, 2016;Ozkurt;Tanriverdi, 2017). V.2, N. 3.…”

“…Frank et al , Et al., 2014). In addition, the virus can resist up to 115 days in vaginal secretions and semen (Ozkurt;Tanriverdi, 2017;Sharma;Lal, 2017).…”

“…ZIKV is more teratogenic in the first trimester, when microcephaly develops. Zika virus IgM antibodies were detected in the cerebrospinal fluid of a microcephalic baby as evidence that ZIKV was the causative agent of microcephaly (Cordeiro et al, 2016;Ozkurt;Tanriverdi, 2017;Meneses et al, 2017).…”