Global data analysis and risk factors associated with morbidity and mortality of COVID-19

Abstract

This review was focused on global data analysis and risk factors associated with morbidity and mortality of coronavirus disease 2019 from different countries, including Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Central Eastern Europe, Egypt, India, Iran, Pakistan, and South Asia, Africa, Turkey and UAE. Male showed higher confirmed and death cases compared to females in most of the countries. In addition, the case fatality ratio (CFR) for males was higher than for females. This gender variation in COVID-19 cases may be due to males' cultural activities, but similar variations in the number of COVID-19 affected males and females globally. Variations in the immune system can illustrate this divergent risk comparatively higher in males than females. The female immune system may have an edge to detect pathogens slightly earlier. In addition, women show comparatively higher innate and adaptive immune responses than men, which might be explained by the high density of immune-related genes in the X chromosome. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 viruses use angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to enter the host cell, and men contain higher ACE2 than females. Therefore, males may be more vulnerable to COVID-19 than females. In addition, smoking habit also makes men susceptible to COVID-19. Considering the age-wise distribution, children and older adults were less infected than other age groups and the death rate. On the contrary, more death in the older group may be associated with less immune system function. In addition, most of these group have comorbidities like diabetes, high pressure, low lungs and kidney function, and other chronic diseases. Due to the substantial economic losses and the numerous infected people and deaths, research examining the features of the COVID-19 epidemic is essential to gain insight into mitigating its impact in the future and preparedness for any future epidemics.

Genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in patients presenting neurological manifestations

“…On the other hand, the sampled population is heterogeneous in terms, for instance, of age and sex. Indeed, despite the limited number of patients, we found an association between neurological and severe respiratory symptoms and between symptom severity in general, and age and sex, as reported in the literature [ 42 , 60 ]. Thus, the reported results are worth of attention and deserve further validation in larger cohorts of patients.…”

“…This finding supports the notion that patients with severe disease are more likely to develop neurological disorders [ 40 , 41 ]. Finally, and not surprisingly [ 42 , 43 ], the three hospitalized patients were also the oldest of this cohort and two out of three were males.…”

Short and Long-Term Impact of COVID-19 Infection on Previous Respiratory Diseases

“…In addition to these factors, changes in laboratory indices and pro-inflammatory cytokines, as well as possible complications, could indicate the progression of COVID-19 into a severe and critical stage. 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 …”

Amplifying patient voices amid pandemic: Perspectives on tracheostomy care, communication, and connection

“…As the COVID-19 pandemic has unfolded in successive waves, public health crises have palpably demonstrated disparate harm to marginalized communities [1] , [2] , [3] , [4] , [5] , [6] , [7] , [8] . Many communities are defined by physical proximity, but others are connected by shared experiences that transcend geography.…”