Global Market Gasoline Quality Review: Five Year Trends in Particulate Emission Indices

Chapman, Elana; Geng, Pat; Konzack, Anke

doi:10.4271/2021-01-0623

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 17 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The simplified Moriya index is simpler to calculate as it needs only the percentage of fuel evaporated at 150 • C. The simplified Moriya index was 1.57. Compared to other market fuels in the literature, our fuel had one of the highest PM index and Moriya values [40,41]. Studies with higher values (2.5-2.9) are limited [38,89].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 73%

“…In the last decade, various indexes have been used, with the most common being the Honda PM index [37]. The certification fuels for Europe, China, and the United States have typically PM index slightly higher than 1 (range 0.5-2.0) [38][39][40][41], but market fuel can have higher values reaching theoretically up to 3, and even higher in, e.g., Russia [42]. Many studies showed that higher PM index fuels have higher SPN emissions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Challenging Conditions for Gasoline Particulate Filters (GPFs)

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The emission limit of non-volatile particles (i.e., particles that do not evaporate at 350 °C) with size >23 nm, in combination with the real driving emissions (RDE) regulation in 2017, resulted in the introduction of gasoline particulate filters (GPFs) in all light-duty vehicles with gasoline direct injection engines in Europe. Even though there are studies that have examined the particulate emissions at or beyond the current RDE boundary conditions, there is a lack of studies combining most or all worst cases (i.e., conditions that increase the emissions). In this study, we challenged a fresh (i.e., no accumulation of soot or ash) “advanced” prototype GPF at different temperatures (down to −9 °C), aggressive drive cycles and hard accelerations (beyond the RDE limits), high payload (up to 90%), use of all auxiliaries (air conditioning, heating of the seats and the rear window), and cold starts independently or simultaneously. Under hot engine conditions, the increase of the particulate emissions due to higher payload and lower ambient temperature was 30–90%. The cold start at low ambient temperature, however, had an effect on the emissions of up to a factor of 20 for particles >23 nm or 300 when considering particles <23 nm. We proposed that the reason for these high emissions was the incomplete combustion and the low efficiency of the three-way oxidation catalyst. This resulted in a high concentration of species that were in the gaseous phase at the high temperature of the close-coupled GPF and thus could not be filtered by the GPF. As the exhaust gas cooled down, these precursor species formed particles that could not be evaporated at 350 °C (the temperature of the particle number system). These results highlight the importance of the proper calibration of the engine out emissions at all conditions, even when a GPF is installed.

show abstract

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 73%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenging Conditions for Gasoline Particulate Filters (GPFs)

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The limitation of this method, as is noted in the "Methods" section of the paper, is that the PEI number groups C10+ (for C11, C12, and C13) aromatics as a single class. This was done to accommodate using various analytical method types so that a general comparison of test fuel data could be readily compared to provide guidance to the industry [91,93]. There is a clear need to improve the PEI number so that it can be correlated to the Enhanced D6730 and so that the coefficients for each grouping can be clearly separated up through at least C15.…”

Section: Eq (3)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is a clear need to improve the PEI number so that it can be correlated to the Enhanced D6730 and so that the coefficients for each grouping can be clearly separated up through at least C15. The authors of the previous work also created a new PEI equation to try to capture the impact of ethanol for a cold start condition, with the effort to try to improve the correlation of the PEI equation to engine-out emissions [93]. The evaporative cooling due to high heat of evaporation of ethanol during cold ambient temperature to fully warm up in engine cylinder combustion could substantially affect the vaporization of all the fuel species.…”

Section: Eq (3)mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review and Perspective on Particulate Matter Indices Linking Fuel Composition to Particulate Emissions from Gasoline Engines

Leach¹,

Chapman²,

Jetter³

et al. 2021

SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr.

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Particulate matter (PM) indices-those linking PM emissions from gasoline engines to the composition and properties of the fuel-have been a topic of significant study over the last decade. It has long been known that fuel composition has a significant impact on particulate emissions from gasoline engines. Since gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines have become the market-leading technology, this has become more significant because the evaporative behavior of fuel increases in importance. Several PM indices have been developed to provide metrics describing this behavior and correlating PM emissions. In this article, 16 different PM indices are identified and collected-to the authors' knowledge, all of the indices are available at the time of writing. The indices are reviewed and discussed in the context of the information required to calculate them, as well as their utility. The authors believe that there is a need for indices that provide both a detailed and robust correlation, as well as those that are less sophisticated yet sufficient for specific use cases. Future research is suggested to guide the technical community toward improvements in the indices' methods and equations for both high and low fidelity and high and low time investment.

show abstract