Global Methamphetamine Trends

Stoneberg, Danielle M.; Shukla, Rashi K.; Magness, Matt B.

doi:10.1177/1057567717730104

Cited by 68 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The combination therapy of flumazenil (2 mg intravenous Days 1,2,3,21,22), gabapentin (titrated up to 1200 mg po OD) and hydroxyzine (50 mg po pre-intravenous medication and as required for sleep), marketed and trademarked as the 'PROMETA protocol', has been assessed twice in RCTs for MA dependence. Both trials were similar in terms of participant numbers and followed an identical medication protocol; however, results were conflicting.…”

Section: Benzodiazepine Antagonist/gaba Agonist/h1 Histamine Receptormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Amphetamines refer to both amphetamine (AMPH) and the structurally similar methamphetamines (MA), both of which are used extra-medically. MA is considered a more potent derivative of AMPH, with a longer duration of action and increased ability to cross the blood-brain barrier; and global shifts in the illicit stimulant market have resulted in the predominance of MA [2,3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pharmacological Treatment of Methamphetamine/Amphetamine Dependence: A Systematic Review

et al. 2020

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Background Stimulant drugs are second only to cannabis as the most widely used class of illicit drug globally, accounting for 68 million past-year consumers. Dependence on amphetamines (AMPH) or methamphetamine (MA) is a growing global concern. Yet, there is no established pharmacotherapy for AMPH/MA dependence. A comprehensive assessment of the research literature on pharmacotherapy for AMPH/MA dependence may inform treatment guidelines and future research directions. Methods We systematically reviewed the peer-reviewed literature via the electronic databases PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL and SCOPUS for randomised controlled trials reported in the English language examining a pharmacological treatment for AMPH/MA dependence or use disorder. We included all studies published to 19 June 2019. The selected studies were evaluated for design; methodology; inclusion and exclusion criteria; sample size; pharmacological and (if included) psychosocial interventions; length of follow-up and follow-up schedules; outcome variables and measures; results; overall conclusions and risk of bias. Outcome measures were any reported impact of treatment related to AMPH/MA use. Results Our search returned 43 studies that met our criteria, collectively enrolling 4065 participants and reporting on 23 individual pharmacotherapies, alone or in combination. Disparate outcomes and measures (n = 55 for the primary outcomes) across studies did not allow for meta-analyses. Some studies demonstrated mixed or weak positive signals (often in defined populations, e.g. men who have sex with men), with some variation in efficacy signals dependent on baseline frequency of AMPH/MA use. The most consistent positive findings have been demonstrated with stimulant agonist treatment (dexamphetamine and methylphenidate), naltrexone and topiramate. Less consistent benefits have been shown with the antidepressants bupropion and mirtazapine, the glutamatergic agent riluzole and the corticotropin releasing factor (CRF-1) antagonist pexacerfont; whilst in general, antidepressant medications (e.g. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors [SSRIs], tricyclic antidepressants [TCAs]) have not been effective in reducing AMPH/MA use. Conclusions No pharmacotherapy yielded convincing results for the treatment of AMPH/MA dependence; mostly studies were underpowered and had low treatment completion rates. However, there were positive signals from several agents that warrant further investigation in larger scale studies; agonist therapies show promise. Common outcome measures should include change in use days. Future research must address the heterogeneity of AMPH/MA dependence (e.g. coexisting conditions, severity of disorder, differences between MA and AMPH dependence) and the role of psychosocial intervention.

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Section: Benzodiazepine Antagonist/gaba Agonist/h1 Histamine Receptormentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacological Treatment of Methamphetamine/Amphetamine Dependence: A Systematic Review

et al. 2020

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“…Amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS; i.e. ecstasy [MDMA] and methamphetamine) are the second most widely used class of illicit drugs globally [1], and there are concerns that more countries are reporting methamphetamine use [2]. Overall, ecstasy is used by 0.4% of the global population aged between 15 and 64 years [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The prevalence of mental health disorders among young adults who use amphetamine‐type stimulants, compared to young adults who do not

Thoradeniya

Wessel

Pourmarzi

et al. 2020

Drug and Alcohol Review

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Introduction and Aims. There is a lack of evidence regarding mental health disorder prevalence in people who use amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS). This study compares prevalence in Australian young adults who used ATS and young adults who had never used, and examines potential predictors. Design and Methods. Population-based sampling was used to recruit young adults who used ATS (n = 224) and young adults who had never used ATS (n = 125). Thirty-day prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD), generalised anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder (PD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and mania/hypomania were assessed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview Short Scale. Adjusted prevalence ratios (APR) of mental disorders in people who used ATS and the comparison group were examined, and a prediction model was developed for people who used ATS. Results. We found higher prevalence of PD (APR 4.67, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.14-19.07, P = 0.032) and PTSD (APR 1.68, 95% CI 1.10-2.55, P = 0.016) in people who used ATS, compared to the comparison group, adjusting for sociodemographic variables. Baseline methamphetamine use was positively associated with MDD (ARR 6.45, 95% CI 1.51-27.59, P = 0.012) and GAD (ARR 2.76, 95% CI 1.52-5.02, P = 0.001). Baseline ecstasy use was negatively associated with GAD (ARR 0.52, 95% CI 0.30-0.92, P = 0.025) and PD (ARR 0.15, 95% CI 0.05-0.48, P = 0.001). Discussion and Conclusion. PTSD and PD appear to be more common in young adults who use ATS. However, the relationship between ATS use and mental disorders is complex, with divergent patterns of association for ecstasy and methamphetamine use. Mental health screening in people using ATS may improve treatment outcomes. [Thoradeniya MR, Wessel EL, Pourmarzi D, Najman JM, Smirnov A. The prevalence of mental health disorders among young adults who use amphetamine-type stimulants, compared to young adults who do not.

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“…6 Deep incised wounds on the back with marginal bruises were consistent with glass cuts. Inset: broken glass pieces were found on the floor beneath the body control legislation on plant-based narcotics such as opioids, cocaine and marijuana were postulated to have caused an increase in the production of synthetic-based psychostimulants such as ATS, which can be produced anywhere (Stoneberg et al 2018). While snorting, smoking and ingestion remained as popular routes of administration for these drugs, injectable forms were found on intravenous drug users (Chomchai and Chomchai 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Excited delirium syndrome from psychostimulant abuse can mimic a violent scene of death

Jothee¹,

Shafie²,

Nor³

2019

Egypt J Forensic Sci

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Background: Previous reported cases on excited delirium syndrome studied on the common clinical manifestations of the syndrome. The usual forensics implication for the syndrome is that death commonly is associated with restraint procedures by law enforcement agencies; however, not many cases reported highlights the difficulties in attributing a violent scene of death to the syndrome. Case presentation: We present a case of a partially naked body found in an apartment unit under suspicious circumstances with multiple injuries. The scene of death was violent, and the body was found with blood wiped all over the floor and walls. Investigators believed a violent crime had occurred, and a suspect was reprimanded. However, upon autopsy, it was found that all injuries were superficially inflicted and were unlikely to have been part of an act of commission or caused his death. Internal examination found no remarkable pathology. Toxicology revealed a presence of psychostimulants, that is, methamphetamine, MDMA, and ethyl alcohol. Reconstruction of events by the witness, who was initially suspected of the 'murder', revealed that the injuries and his death could likely be explained by an episode of excited delirium. Conclusion: The case highlights the challenges faced when attributing excited delirium syndrome as a cause of death. The syndrome can present with injuries from aggressive or bizarre behaviour, coupled with the destruction of property, which may confuse investigators on the possible manner of death.

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Global Methamphetamine Trends

Cited by 68 publications

References 17 publications

Pharmacological Treatment of Methamphetamine/Amphetamine Dependence: A Systematic Review

Pharmacological Treatment of Methamphetamine/Amphetamine Dependence: A Systematic Review

The prevalence of mental health disorders among young adults who use amphetamine‐type stimulants, compared to young adults who do not

Excited delirium syndrome from psychostimulant abuse can mimic a violent scene of death

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