Global Navigation Satellite Systems Reflectometry as a Remote Sensing Tool for Agriculture

Egido, Alejandro; Caparrini, M.; Ruffini, Giulio; Paloscia, S.; Santi, Emanuele; Guerriero, L.; Pierdicca, Nazzareno; Floury, Nicolas

doi:10.3390/rs4082356

Cited by 133 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The use of Global Navigation Satellite Signals (GNSS)-reflected signals to recover soil properties (GNSS Reflectometry or GNSS-R) is a potential solution to this problem, and has already provided promising results [16][17][18][19]. The current results were, however, obtained on relatively flat surfaces, and consequently the methods developed so far are generally not well suited in mountainous terrain.…”

Section: Introductioncontrasting

confidence: 46%

Soil Moisture & Snow Properties Determination with GNSS in Alpine Environments: Challenges, Status, and Perspectives

et al. 2013

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Moisture content in the soil and snow in the alpine environment is an important factor, not only for environmentally oriented research, but also for decision making in agriculture and hazard management. Current observation techniques quantifying soil moisture or characterizing a snow pack often require dedicated instrumentation that measures either at point scale or at very large (satellite pixel) scale. Given the heterogeneity of both snow cover and soil moisture in alpine terrain, observations of the spatial distribution of moisture and snow-cover are lacking at spatial scales relevant for alpine hydrometeorology. This paper provides an overview of the challenges and status of the determination of soil moisture and snow properties in alpine environments. Current measurement techniques and newly proposed ones, based on the reception of reflected Global Navigation Satellite Signals (i.e., GNSS Reflectometry or GNSS-R), or the use of laser scanning are reviewed, and the perspectives offered by these new techniques to fill the current gap in the instrumentation level are discussed. Some key enabling technologies OPEN ACCESSRemote Sens. 2013, 5 3517 including the availability of modernized GNSS signals and GNSS array beamforming techniques are also considered and discussed.

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Section: Introductioncontrasting

confidence: 46%

Soil Moisture & Snow Properties Determination with GNSS in Alpine Environments: Challenges, Status, and Perspectives

et al. 2013

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“…The hypothesis that for moderately rough surface the ratio of two orthogonal polarizations does not depend on the surface roughness was formulated by [38]. Recently, the fact that both reflection coefficients for reflected LH and RH are sensitive to surface roughness but their ratio is seen to be independent from the roughness was experimentally proved by [23].…”

Section: Hardwarementioning

confidence: 96%

“…The estimation of the quantitative impact is very difficult, being a combination of incidence angle, wavelength, biomass volume, height, and loss component induced by the dielectric constant of water-containing stalks and leaves. In addition to the theoretical approach described by Ulaby et al (see [44,45]), a detailed analysis is presented in [22,23]. As a first approximation, an average reduction of the SNR of 2 dB due to the effect of vegetation will be taken into account.…”

Section: Montoro Experiments (22 August 2013)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of buried objects using reflected GNSS signals

Notarpietro

Mattia

Campanella

et al. 2014

EURASIP J. Adv. Signal Process.

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The use of reflected Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals for sensing the Earth has been growing rapidly in recent years. This technique is founded on the basic principle of detecting GNSS signals after they have been reflected off the Earth's surface and using them to determine the properties of the reflecting surface remotely. This is the so-called GNSS reflectometry (GNSS-R) technique. In this paper, a new application regarding the detection of metallic buried objects is analyzed and it is validated through several experimental campaigns. Although the penetration depth of GNSS signals into the ground is not optimal and depends on the soil moisture, GNSS signals can likely interact approximately with the first 10 cm of the ground and therefore can be reflected back by any metallic object buried on the first terrain layer. A very light and low-cost GNSS receiver prototype based on a software-defined radio approach was developed. This receiver can be used as a payload on board small drones or unmanned aerial systems to detect metallic objects (mines or other explosive devices). A signal processing tool based on an open-loop GNSS signal acquisition strategy was developed. The results of two experiments which show the possibility of using GNSS-R signals to detect buried metallic objects and to provide an estimate of their dimensions are discussed.

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“…The specular configuration, however, presents some problems in terms of achievable geometrical resolution of a radar imaging system, as discussed in [26]. It becomes very interesting in the case of a GNSS-R system, as discussed, for instance, in [31,41]. Then, it is important to single out other interesting configurations that have emerged from this study.…”

Section: Optimal Bistatic Configurations For Crop Height Monitoringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of Satellite Radar Bistatic Measurements for Crop Monitoring: A Simulation Study on Corn Fields

et al. 2013

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This paper presents a theoretical study of microwave remote sensing of vegetated surfaces. The purpose of this study is to find out if satellite bistatic radar systems can provide a performance, in terms of sensitivity to vegetation geophysical parameters, equal to or greater than the performance of monostatic systems. Up to now, no suitable bistatic data collected over land surfaces are available from satellite, so that the electromagnetic model developed at Tor Vergata University has been used to perform simulations of the scattering coefficient of corn, over a wide range of observation angles at L-and C-band. According to the electromagnetic model, the most promising configuration is the one which measures the VV or HH bistatic scattering coefficient on the plane that lies at the azimuth angle orthogonal with respect to the incidence plane. At this scattering angle, the soil contribution is minimized, and the effects of vegetation growth are highlighted.

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Global Navigation Satellite Systems Reflectometry as a Remote Sensing Tool for Agriculture

Cited by 133 publications

References 13 publications

Soil Moisture & Snow Properties Determination with GNSS in Alpine Environments: Challenges, Status, and Perspectives

Soil Moisture & Snow Properties Determination with GNSS in Alpine Environments: Challenges, Status, and Perspectives

Detection of buried objects using reflected GNSS signals

Use of Satellite Radar Bistatic Measurements for Crop Monitoring: A Simulation Study on Corn Fields

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