Global Projection of Lead-Zinc Supply from Known Resources

Mohr, Steve; Giurco, Damien; Retamal, Monique; Mason, Leah; Mudd, Gavin Mark

doi:10.3390/resources7010017

Cited by 34 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Since the early 20 th century, world class (upper 10th centile contained metal) clastic-dominated (CD-type) deposit discoveries in the Carpentaria Province have averaged one per 20 years (McGoldrick et al, 2010). Yet with increased urbanisation and decarbonisation the global demand for Zn will continue, and some models predict a peak in Zn production within 20 years (Mohr et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Massive sulfide Zn deposits in the Proterozoic did not require euxinia

Magnall¹,

Gleeson²,

Hayward³

et al. 2020

Geochem. Persp. Let.

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Our most important Zn resources occur within clastic-dominated (CD-type) deposits, which are located in a small number of Proterozoic and Phanerozoic sedimentary basins. The most common model for CD-type mineralisation involves sedimentary exhalative (SEDEX) processes, i.e. the venting of metal bearing fluids into a restricted, anoxic H 2 S-bearing (euxinic) water column. In the Carpentaria Zn Province (Australia), multiple world class deposits are hosted in Proterozoic (1.6 Ga) stratigraphy, where models of the ancient sulfur cycle have also been developed. Focusing on the most recent discovery-the Teena deposit-we report bulk rock and isotopic data (δ 34 S pyrite values) that provide information on the sulfur cycle during the diagenetic and hydrothermal evolution of the Teena sub-basin. In contrast to the SEDEX model, intervals containing abundant pyrite with highly positive δ 34 S values (>25 ‰) correspond with euxinic conditions that developed due to high organic loading (i.e. productivity) and not basin restriction. This basin wide feature, which can also be mistaken as a hydrothermal pyrite halo, is genetically unrelated to the subsequent hydrothermal mineralisation that formed beneath the palaeo-seafloor. The formation of CD-type deposits in the Proterozoic does not, therefore, require euxinic conditions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Massive sulfide Zn deposits in the Proterozoic did not require euxinia

Magnall¹,

Gleeson²,

Hayward³

et al. 2020

Geochem. Persp. Let.

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“…Both indium and tin are considered as critical resources [64]. Ag is also a limited resource and is often expected to be one of the main limiting factors for new energy technologies [65]. Reference structure contains Zn, which has also been listed as critical [66].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Printed and hybrid integrated electronics using bio-based and recycled materials—increasing sustainability with greener materials and technologies

Välimäki

Sokka

Peltola

et al. 2020

Int J Adv Manuf Technol

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Printed and hybrid integrated electronics produced from recycled and renewable materials can reduce the depletion of limited material resources while obtaining energy savings in small electronic applications and their energy storage. In this work, bio-based poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and recycled polyethylene terephthalate (rPET) were fabricated in film extrusion process and utilized as a substrate in ultra-thin organic photovoltaics (OPV). In the device structure, metals and metal oxides were replaced by printing PEDOT:PSS, carbon and amino acid/heterocycles. Scalable, energy-efficient fabrication of solar cells resulted in efficiencies up to 6.9% under indoor light. Furthermore, virgin-PET was replaced with PLA and rPET in printed and hybrid integrated electronics where surface-mount devices (SMD) were die-bonded onto silver-printed PLA and virgin-PET films to prepare LED foils followed by an overmoulding process using the rPET and PLA. As a result, higher relative adhesion of PLA-PLA interface was obtained in comparison with rPET-PET interface. The obtained results are encouraging from the point of utilization of scalable manufacturing technologies and natural/recycled materials in printed and hybrid integrated electronics. Assessment showed a considerable decrease in carbon footprint, about 10–85%, mainly achieved through replacing of silver, virgin-PET and modifying solar cell structure. In outdoor light, the materials with low carbon footprint can decrease energy payback times (EPBT) from ca. 250 days to under 10 days. In indoor energy harvesting, it is possible to achieve EPBT of less than 1 year. The structures produced and studied herein have a high potential of providing sustainable energy solutions for example in IoT-related technologies.

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“…Pb removal steadily increased from around 0% to 28%, 0.5% to 58%, and 0.5% to 72% for 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 M HCl, respectively, when NaCl increased from 0 to 3 M, respectively. Lead dissolution from anglesite (PbSO 4 ) depends on (1) Cl − concentration, (2) SO 4 2− concentration, and (3) solution pH ( Figure 10). For example, for a 1:1 ratio of Pb concentration to SO 4 2− concentration (i.e., assuming the source of SO 4 2− in the leaching system is from PbSO 4 ) Pb dissolution depends on the Cl − concentration only to form Pb-Cl complexes and not on pH (Equation (3)) (Figure 10a,b (Figure 10c).…”

Section: Effects Of Solution Composition On Pb and Zn Removal From Zimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Explosive population growth and its associated economic activities such as massive construction projects to modernize and improve communication, transportation, and agricultural sectors have in recent years led to high demands for metals [1][2][3][4]. To keep up with demands, mining and metals production have also increased at unprecedented levels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recovery of Lead and Zinc from Zinc Plant Leach Residues by Concurrent Dissolution-Cementation Using Zero-Valent Aluminum in Chloride Medium

Silwamba

Ito

Hiroyoshi

et al. 2020

Metals

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Zinc plant leach residues (ZPLRs) contain significant amounts of metal compounds of lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), etc., hence, they are considered as a secondary source of metals. On the other hand, ZPLRs are regarded as hazardous materials because they contain heavy metals that pollute the environment. Resources and environmental concerns of ZPLRs were addressed in this study by removing/recovering Pb and Zn using a concurrent dissolution and cementation technique. To cement the dissolved Pb and Zn in leaching pulp, zero-valent aluminum (ZVAl) was added during ZPLRs leaching in the hydrochloric (HCl)–sodium chloride (NaCl) solution. The resulting cemented metals were agglomerated and separated by sieving. Lead removal increased with increasing both NaCl and HCl concentrations. However, when ZVAl was added, significant Pb removal was achieved at a low concentration. Zinc was not cemented out of the pulp using ZVAl and its recovery from ZPLRs was dependent on the HCl concentration only. By applying a concurrent dissolution and cementation technique, both Pb and Zn were removed using a low concentration of NaCl, and most importantly Pb—the most toxic metal in ZPLRs—was captured and separated before the solid-liquid separation, hence, eliminating the need for extensive washing of the generated residues to remove the inherent residual solution.

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Global Projection of Lead-Zinc Supply from Known Resources

Cited by 34 publications

References 23 publications

Massive sulfide Zn deposits in the Proterozoic did not require euxinia

Massive sulfide Zn deposits in the Proterozoic did not require euxinia

Printed and hybrid integrated electronics using bio-based and recycled materials—increasing sustainability with greener materials and technologies

Recovery of Lead and Zinc from Zinc Plant Leach Residues by Concurrent Dissolution-Cementation Using Zero-Valent Aluminum in Chloride Medium

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