Global rainbow distribution under current and future climates

Carlson, Kimberly M.; Mora, Camilo; Xu, Jianming; Setter, Renee O.; Harangody, Michelle; Franklin, Erik C.; Kantar, Michael B.; Lucas, Matthew P.; Menzo, Zachary; Spirandelli, Daniele; Schanzenbach, David; Warr, C. Courtlandt; Wong, Amanda E.

doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102604

Cited by 5 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…cloud bows, (Businger, 2021)). Carlson et al (2022) have attempted to develop a metric for 'rainbow days' based on limited social media observations of rainbows 'trained' with precipitation and cloud data to project to other locations. Such data itself is difficult to evaluate, but in the absence of other data, we can use it for comparison.…”

Section: Evaluation/resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Quantitative observations of rainbows are few and far between, as befits their status as an optical curiosity and not much more. However, Carlson et al (2022) recently mined social media posts for rainbows and then used statistical methods to extrapolate to an atlas for 'rainbow days' that can be used for comparison. We will return to the potential for rainbow observations in section 5.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since a rainbow needs to be seen to be observed, we are really looking at the 'potential' for rainbows given an observer is present. We do not incorporate the presence of an observer as Carlson et al (2022) did for rainbow 'hot spots'. We will estimate the frequency of time that a rainbow might be observed in a given volume, and the fractional coverage of that rainbow.…”

Section: Assembling a Rainbowmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To attempt to evaluate the parameterization quantitatively, Figure 4A is a map of 'rainbow days' to compare to Carlson et al (2022). Rainbow frequency for 4 years is turned into a binary value each day.…”

Section: Annual/seasonal Meansmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The variability (standard deviation) of rainbow days over each year at any point is about 10% of the value. The data can then be compared to the data set from Carlson et al (2022), derived by learning a relationship between rainbow observed in social media images and precipitation and cloud fraction from reanalysis, illustrated in Figure 4B. The parameterization locations and magnitudes are highly correlated (0.75) with the data set machine learned from observations, but are about 50% lower (the slope of a point-by-point regression line is 0.47).…”

Section: Annual/seasonal Meansmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rainbows and Climate Change: A tutorial on climate model diagnostics and parameterization

Gettelman

2023

Preprint

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Abstract. Earth System Models (ESMs) must represent processes below the grid scale of a model using representations (parameterizations) of physical and chemical processes. As a tutorial exercise to understand diagnostics and parameterization, this work presents a representation of rainbows for an ESM: the Community Earth System Model version 2 (CESM2). Using the 'state' of the model, basic physical laws, and some assumptions, we generate a representation of this unique optical phenomena as a diagnostic output. Rainbow occurrence and it's possible changes are related to cloud occurrence and rain formation which are critical uncertainties for climate change prediction. The work highlights issues which are typical of many diagnostics parameterizations such as assumptions, uncertain parameters and the difficulty of evaluation against uncertain observations. Results agree qualitatively with limited available global 'observations' of Rainbows. Rainbows are seen in expected locations in the sub-tropics over the ocean where broken clouds and frequent precipitation occurs. The diurnal peak is in the morning over ocean and in the evening over land. The representation of rainbows is found to be quantitatively sensitive to the assumed amount of cloudiness and the amount of stratiform rain. Rainbows are projected to have decreased, mostly in the Northern Hemisphere, due to aerosol pollution effects increasing cloud coverage since 1850. In the future, continued climate change is projected to decrease cloud cover, associated with a positive cloud feedback. As a result the rainbow diagnostic projects that rainbows will increase in the future, with the largest changes at mid-latitudes. The diagnostic may be useful for assessing cloud parameterizations, and is an exercise in how to build and test parameterizations of atmospheric phenomena.

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Section: Evaluation/resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Assembling a Rainbowmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Annual/seasonal Meansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Annual/seasonal Meansmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rainbows and Climate Change: A tutorial on climate model diagnostics and parameterization

Gettelman

2023

Preprint

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Assessing landscape aesthetic values: Do clouds in photographs influence people’s preferences?

2023

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Photo-based surveys are widely applied to elicit landscape preferences and to assess cultural ecosystem services. Variations in weather and light conditions can potentially alter people’s preferences, as sunny landscapes are more positively perceived than those under inclement weather conditions. To assure comparability across pictures, studies usually include photographs taken at sunny days (i.e., blue sky). However, the influence of clouds in sunny landscapes on people’s preferences has been rarely considered, although color contrasts between clouds and the blue sky may attract people’s attention. This study therefore aimed to assess the effects of clouds in landscape photographs on people’s preferences by (1) examining differences in preference between pairs of landscape photographs (i.e., with clouds and without clouds), and (2) explaining variations through variables from eye-tracking simulation, photo content analysis, and Geographic Information System (GIS)-based analysis. Our results indicate no significant differences in preferences between pictures with and without clouds when the pictures with clouds contained a proportion of sky around 22% and a cloud cover of about 39%. However, a higher proportion of sky positively influenced landscape preferences, while a higher proportion of clouds, especially in combination with a lower proportion of sky, had negative effects. These findings suggest that landscape preference studies should pay attention not only to the appearance of the sky in terms of cloudiness, but they also should control the proportion of sky across different pictures to obtain comparable results. Future research should address limitations regarding the transferability of our findings to other types of landscapes and regarding potential differences in perceptions between respondents with different socio-cultural characteristics. Moreover, landscape preferences under changing weather conditions or different cloud types as well as diurnal and seasonal changes should be further explored.

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Developing Secure Messaging Software using Post-Quantum Cryptography

Nguyen,

Luc,

Dao

2023

Eng. Technol. Appl. Sci. Res.

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In this paper, a technique to develop a secure messaging service utilizing a new post-quantum cryptosystem, termed CryptoMess, is proposed. Commutative Supersingular Isogeny Diffie-Hellman (CSIDH) is utilized to secure key exchange paired with the AES algorithm to protect message content in communication. At the same time, the Rainbow post-quantum digital signature technology is incorporated to assure the integrity and authenticity of communications between the sender and the recipient. As a consequence, the messaging program is able to exchange messages between users, assuring safety, security, integrity, and authenticity. The performance of the program has a transmitting rate of approximately 0.26 s and a receiving rate of approximately 0.22 s. The message signing time is approximately 0.027 s, the message verification speed is approximately 0.22 s, and the key exchange time is approximately 0.0017s.

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Global rainbow distribution under current and future climates

Cited by 5 publications

References 51 publications

Rainbows and Climate Change: A tutorial on climate model diagnostics and parameterization

Rainbows and Climate Change: A tutorial on climate model diagnostics and parameterization

Assessing landscape aesthetic values: Do clouds in photographs influence people’s preferences?

Developing Secure Messaging Software using Post-Quantum Cryptography

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