“…Its primary objective is to pinpoint and delineate abrupt transitions in intensity or color within an image, often signifying object boundaries or other salient image features. Broadly categorized into two main methodologies, edge detection methods can be classified as either gradient-based or Laplacian-based [3,7,28,29,31,35,37,39,42,43] Gradient-based techniques identify edges by scrutinizing the gradient, or the first derivative, of the image. These methods aim to locate points in the image where intensity changes occur rapidly, typically marked by maximum or minimum values in the first derivative.…”