Glucose dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitors: Their roles in management of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Gupta, Ankit; Al-Aubaidy, Hayder A.; Mohammed, Bassim I.

doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2016.03.013

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Aerobic exercise intervention is widely considered to be an important non-pharmacological tool for the improvement of vascular endothelial function (10). Previous studies by our group have indicated that regular aerobic exercise intervention promotes the maintenance of vasomotor functions (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)9). Xie et al (12) demonstrated that exercise protects the endothelium through increasing NO production, which was consistent with the results of the present study.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Prediabetes mellitus is a pathological state between normoglycemia and diabetes mellitus, which is characterized by IGT and mild hyperglycemia (1)(2)(3). In the present study, a prediabetic rat model was established based on the method of Rato et al (22), and was used to examine blood glucose levels and glucose intolerance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Prediabetes mellitus is a pathological state that represents an elevation of plasma glucose above the normal range but below that of clinical diabetes (1)(2)(3)(4)(5). Prediabetes mellitus is characterized by impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and/or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) (4,5).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…IFG and IGT are risk factors for type 2 diabetes, and the risk is even greater when IFG and IGT occur together (1,2). The annual risk of prediabetes developing into diabetes is 5-10%, with a similar proportion converting back to normoglycaemia (2,3).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of aerobic exercise on the expressions and activities of nitric oxide synthases in the blood vessel endothelium in prediabetes mellitus

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2019

Exp Ther Med

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Previous studies by our group have indicated that exercise intervention can ameliorate endothelial dysfunction, which is an early pathophysiological change of prediabetes mellitus. The present study aimed to test the hypothesis that nitric oxide synthases (NOSs), which are expressed in blood vessel endothelium, contribute to the mitigation of vascular endothelium-dependent dysfunction by aerobic exercise in prediabetes mellitus. A prediabetic rat model was established by feeding the rats an additional high-energy diet, and was confirmed by testing blood glucose levels, the area-under-the-curve for the blood glucose tests (P<0.05) and the changes to the histological morphology of the thoracic aorta. Further examination identified that NOS expression changed significantly between the control and prediabetes groups, indicating endothelial dysfunction in the prediabetic rats. Following aerobic exercise, a significant increase in NOS, endothelial (eNOS) mRNA and protein expression (P<0.05), and a significant decrease in NOS, inducible (iNOS) mRNA and protein expression (P<0.05) was identified in the prediabetic rats compared with the control group. No significant change in nitric oxide synthase, brain expression was observed in the prediabetic rat group compared with the control group. Notably, there was also a significant increase and decrease in eNOS and iNOS activity, respectively, in the prediabetes group compared with the control group (P<0.05). Furthermore, nitric oxide (NO) concentration in the vascular endothelium was detected, which revealed a significant increase in NO concentration in the prediabetic rats following aerobic exercise compared with the control (P<0.05). The present study provided results that demonstrated that aerobic exercise ameliorated the vascular endothelium-dependent dysfunction through the NOS/NO signaling pathway, which is primarily regulated by NOS expression and activity, in prediabetes mellitus. The current study provided the theoretical basis for the use of exercise intervention to prevent diabetes mellitus during the early stage.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of aerobic exercise on the expressions and activities of nitric oxide synthases in the blood vessel endothelium in prediabetes mellitus

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2019

Exp Ther Med

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“…In 2010, the global prevalence of IGT is about 343 million and the International Diabetes Federation predicts that prediabetic patients will reach 471 million by 2035 (IDF, 2015). Furthermore, the annual probability of prediabetes converted to diabetes is about 5-10%, with similar proportion converting back to normoglycaemia (Gupta et al, 2016).…”

Section: Definition Of Prediabetesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research Article Improvement of Exercise Intervention on Vascular Endothelial Functions during Prediabetes Mellitus

Wang¹,

Zhang²,

Liu³

et al. 2017

Genet. Mol. Res.

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Cardiovascular Protection in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes: A Review of Clinical Trial Results Across Drug Classes

Paneni

Lüscher

2017

The American Journal of Cardiology

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Patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) have a significantly higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD)-namely myocardial infarction, heart failure, and stroke. Despite clear advances in the prevention and treatment of CVD, the impact of T2DM on CVD outcome remains high and continues to escalate. Available evidence indicates that the risk of macrovascular complications increases with the severity of hyperglycemia, thus suggesting that the relation between metabolic disturbances and vascular damage is approximately linear. Although current antidiabetic drugs are highly effective for the management of hyperglycemia, most T2DM patients remain exposed to a substantial and concrete risk of CVD. Over the last decade many glucose-lowering agents have been tested for their safety and efficacy in T2DM with CVD. Noteworthy, most of these studies failed to show a significant benefit in terms of CV morbidity and mortality, despite intensive glycemic control. The recent trials Empagliflozin Cardiovascular Outcome Event Trial in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients-Removing Excess Glucose (EMPA-REG OUTCOME); Trial to Evaluate Cardiovascular and Other Long-term Outcomes with Semaglutide in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes (SUSTAIN-6); Liraglutide Effect and Action in Diabetes: Evaluation of Cardiovascular Outcome Results (LEADER); and Insulin Resistance Intervention After Stroke (IRIS) have shed some light on this important clinical issue, thus showing a convincing effect of empagliflozin, liraglutide, and pioglitazone on CVD outcomes. Here we provide a critical and updated overview of the main glucose-lowering agents and their risk/benefit ratio for the prevention of CVD in patients with T2DM.

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Glucose dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitors: Their roles in management of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Cited by 9 publications

References 60 publications

Effects of aerobic exercise on the expressions and activities of nitric oxide synthases in the blood vessel endothelium in prediabetes mellitus

Effects of aerobic exercise on the expressions and activities of nitric oxide synthases in the blood vessel endothelium in prediabetes mellitus

Research Article Improvement of Exercise Intervention on Vascular Endothelial Functions during Prediabetes Mellitus

Cardiovascular Protection in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes: A Review of Clinical Trial Results Across Drug Classes

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