Glucose metabolic reprogramming in autoimmune diseases

Abstract

Autoimmune diseases are conditions in which the immune system mistakenly targets and damages healthy tissue in the body. In recent decades, the incidence of autoimmune diseases has increased, resulting in a significant disease burden. The current autoimmune therapies focus on targeting inflammation or inducing immunosuppression rather than addressing the underlying cause of the diseases. The activity of metabolic pathways is elevated in autoimmune diseases, and metabolic changes are increasingly recognized as important pathogenic processes underlying these. Therefore, metabolically targeted therapies may represent an important strategy for treating autoimmune diseases. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the evidence surrounding glucose metabolic reprogramming and its potential applications in drug discovery and development for autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic sclerosis.

Effect of RNF113A deficiency on oxidative stress-induced NRF2 pathway

“…Cells recycle GSSG back into GSH, which is utilized for ROS scavenging, by oxidizing NADPH synthesized through the pentose phosphate pathway which utilizes glucose as the main source (Jeong et al 2023 ). To reveal the reduction in GSH levels by RNF113A KO, we examined intracellular glucose levels by extracting metabolites from WT and KO cells and then performed LC-MS/MS analysis ( Figure 5 D).…”

New insight of square stepping exercise in immune fine-tuning for anticipating emerging pandemics

“…Physical exercise is linked to the release of certain cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 (Docherty et al 2022 ). These cytokines play an important role in immune regulation and control of inflammation (Jeong et al 2023 ). IL-6, for instance, can have both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects, and its balance is crucial for immune homeostasis (Hunter and Jones 2015 ).…”

Beethoven, Infected with Hepatitis B, Inspired the “Beethoven Virus.”

“…Summary statistics from the genome-wide association study (GWAS) for disease risk stratification through polygenic risk score (PRS) could not be obtained for otosclerosis, Paget’s disease of bone, sarcoidosis, and some of the previously proposed conditions. Although his polygenic risk for Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis was not elevated, only the PRS for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) notably was, placing Beethoven within the 93rd polygenic risk percentile ( Jeong et al, 2023 ). They also evaluated monogenic variants that cause hearing loss but could not identify any disease-causing gene variants.…”