Glutamine: A Potentially Useful Supplement for Athletes

António, José; Street, Chris

doi:10.1139/h99-001

Cited by 59 publications

(46 citation statements)

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“…First ionization constant of glutamine and isoleucine It can be selected that in alkaline solutions glutamine suffers a reaction of partial neutralization as follows: 3 is the glutamine cation solvated with three water molecule and HL(H 2 O) 4 :Z represents glutamine natural solvated with four molecules of water. The previous reaction is characterized by an equilibrium constant, K C1 , which was theoretically determined.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Here, it is selected that the neutral HL(H 2 O) 4 :Z and anion L-(H 2 O) 4 (for glutamine) suffer total neutralization as follows:…”

Section: Second Ionization Constant Of Glutamine and Isoleucinementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Glutamine has received considerable attention, because decreased plasma glutamine concentration is associated with both immunosuppression after intense exercise and the over-training syndrome [2,3]. Therefore glutamine supplementation is recommended for athletes [4]. Recently, the role of glutamine in immunosuppressive condition is a hot topic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination of acidic dissociation constants of glutamine and isoleucine in water using ab initio methods

Koohyar¹

2014

Turk J Bioch

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Determination of acidic dissociation constants of glutamine and isoleucine in water using ab initio methods [Ab initio yöntemler kullanılarak glutamin ve izolösinin sudaki asidik ayrışma sabitlerinin saptanması] ABSTRACT Objective: In this study, pKa values of glutamine and isoleucine were determined in aqueous solution by ab initio and DFT methods. To explain the obtained values of pKa, the molecular conformations and solute-solvent interactions of the anions, cations, and neutrals molecules of glutamine and isoleucine were investigated. The experimental determination of these values, apart from been laborious, is a challenge because of the low water solubility of these compounds. Methods: We have evaluated different models to determination of pKa, using the density functional theory (DFT) method at the B3LYP level of the theory. Results: this study shows the several ionization reactions and equilibriums in protic solvent, which possess a high hydrogen-band-donor capability. These reactions and equilibriums constitute the indispensable theoretical basis for calculation of glutamine and isoleucine acidity constants. Tomasi's method was used to analyze the formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonds between the existent species and water molecules. In this way, it is proposed that in alkaline aqueous solutions the cation, anion, and neutral species of glutamine and isoleucine are solvated with one, two, three, and four molecules of water, respectively. In this study, there is comparable agreement between the experimental and calculated pKa values for the acid-base reactions proposed. Conclusion: In this paper, The calculations performed at the B3LYP/6-31+G(d) levels of theory using Tomasi's method allowed us to prove that cations, neutral molecules, and anions form IHBs with some molecules of water. It is shown that, theoretically calculated pKa values are in good agreement with the existing experimental pKa values, which are determined from potentiometric titration and UV-visible spectrophotometric measurements. Key Words: Ab initio method, DFT method, ionization constant, isoleucine, glutamine Conflict of Interest: Authors have no conflict of interest. ÖZETAmaç: Çalışmada ab initio ve DFT yöntemleri kullanılarak glutamin ve izolösinin sulu çözel-tideki pKa değerleri saptanmıştır. Elde edilen pKa değerlerini açıklamak amacıyla glutamin ve izolösinin anyon, katyon ve nötral moleküllerinin moleküler konformasyonları ve çözünen-çö-zücü etkileşimleri incelenmiştir. Bu değerlerin deneysel tayini zahmetli olmasının yanı sıra, bu moleküllerin suda çözünürlüğünün az olması nedeniyle oldukça güçtür. Metod: pKa tayini için, B3LYP düzeyinde yoğunluk işlevsel teorisi (density functional theory-DFT) kullanılarak farklı modeller değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular: Çalışma, yüksek hidrojen-bağı-verici kapasiteye sahip olan protik çözücü içerisinde çeşitli iyonizasyon tepkimelerini ve dengeyi göstermektedir. Bu tepkimeler ve denge glutamin ve izolösinin asitlik sabitlerinin hesaplanması için teorik temel oluşturmaktadır. Varolan türl...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Here, it is selected that the neutral HL(H 2 O) 4 :Z and anion L-(H 2 O) 4 (for glutamine) suffer total neutralization as follows:…”

Section: Second Ionization Constant Of Glutamine and Isoleucinementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination of acidic dissociation constants of glutamine and isoleucine in water using ab initio methods

Koohyar¹

2014

Turk J Bioch

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“…Also, Gln is essential for healthy cellular function and must be provided in the diet or synthesized via the catalysis by glutamine synthetase (GS) in muscle, adipose tissue, liver, brain, etc. (5,6). Gln crosses the blood-brain barrier, where it is used as an energy source and a precursor for neurotransmitter substances in the neurons (GABA receptor ligands).…”

Section: Glutamine Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Asparagine Synthetase Polymorphisms and Toxicity and Efficacy of Asparaginases

Avramis

2015

Clinical Cancer Research

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Asparaginases develop innovative “tumor starvation” conditions for all antileukemia treatments; however, administrations are limited by the toxicities of this drug. Patients exhibiting moderate toxicity have optimal treatment outcomes. Certain asparagine synthetase polymorphisms may contribute to severe host toxicities in divergent subsets of patients, whereas others do not. Clinical correlations should be evaluated. Clin Cancer Res; 21(2); 230–2. ©2014 AACR. See related article by Tanfous et al., p. 329

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“…Apart from that, glutamine promotes durability when connected to high muscle usage [8]. The intake of glutamine allows a person to be actively involved in exercises in longer period and with less fatigue [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensory Evaluation and Quantitative Analysis of Mineral and Heavy Metal Content of Protein Supplement Incorporated With Herbal Extract

Zainol

Nor

Yaakob

et al. 2017

MJAS

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Calories-dense products promote weight gain through its healthy ingredients. The incorporation of herbs increased the product's benefit with antioxidant, anti-cancer and anti-aging properties. In this study, the comparison between herbal and non-herbal (commercial products) protein supplements were determined. The sensory evaluation of the protein supplements were done via 9-point hedonic scale. The mineral contents and undesirable toxic metals in the the product were also analysed using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The score of hedonic scale indicated that the sweetness and bitterness of the herbal protein supplement were significantly different compared to the commercial products. All samples showed differences in the mineral contents where the herbal protein supplement contributed the highest content of magnesium (Mg) 3643.7 µg/kg, sodium (Na) 8192.3µg/kg and ferum (Fe) 180.7 µg/kg. The ICP-MS analysis result showed traces of heavy metals (cadmium, arsenic, plumbum, mercury) were 1.10 µg/kg, 0.03 µg/kg, 3.00 µg/kg and 5.07 µg/kg, respectively. These results confirmed that the concentrations of heavy metals in the product has not exceeded the maximum standard limit of regulation in Malaysia for Cd (0.3 mg/kg), As (5 mg/kg), Pb (10 mg/kg), and Hg (0.5 mg/kg). Hence, the results might be useful to define the new formulations of these highly consumed protein supplement with health benefits for atheletes.Keywords: protein supplement, mineral content, heavy metal content, hedonic scale Abstrak Produk-produk padat kalori menggalakkan penambahan berat melalui ramuan-ramuan sihatnya. Penambahan herba meningkatkan kebaikan produk seperti ciri-ciri antioksida, anti-kanser dan anti-penuaan. Di dalam kajian ini, perbandingan di antara makanan tambahan protein berherba dan tidak berherba (produk komersil) telah diperolehi. Ujian rasa terhadap makan tambahan protin ini telah dilakukan melalui 9-titik skala hedonik. Kandungan mineral dan logam toksik yang tidak dikehendaki di dalam produk turut dianalisa menggunakan Spektrometri Jisim-Plasma Ganding Secara Aruhan (ICP-MS). Skor skala hedonik menujukkan kemanisan dan kepahitan makanan tambahan berprotin berbeza secara ketara berbanding produk-produk komersil. Semua sampel menunjukkan perbezaan di dalam kandungan mineral, di mana makanan tambahan protin berherba menyumbang kandungan tertinggi untuk magnesium (Mg) 3643.7 µg/kg, sodium (Na) 8192.3 µg/kg dan ferum (Fe) 180.7 µg/kg. Analisa keputusan ICP-MS menunjukkan kandungan logam berat (kadmium, arsenik, plumbum, merkuri) adalah 1.10 µg/kg, 0.03 µg/kg, 3.00 µg/kg dan 5.07 µg/kg setiap satunya. Hasil ini mengesahkan kepekatan logam berat tidak melebihi piawaian kadar maksimum peraturan Malaysia untuk Cd(0.3 mg/kg), As (5 mg/kg), Pb(10 mg/kg), and Hg (0.5 mg/kg). Oleh itu, keputusan yang

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Glutamine: A Potentially Useful Supplement for Athletes

Cited by 59 publications

References 0 publications

Determination of acidic dissociation constants of glutamine and isoleucine in water using ab initio methods

Determination of acidic dissociation constants of glutamine and isoleucine in water using ab initio methods

Asparagine Synthetase Polymorphisms and Toxicity and Efficacy of Asparaginases

Sensory Evaluation and Quantitative Analysis of Mineral and Heavy Metal Content of Protein Supplement Incorporated With Herbal Extract

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