Glutathione production by immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells containing an ATP regeneration system

Enzymatic synthesis of glutathione using yeast cells in two-stage reaction

“…According to the concentration of produced ethanol, the calculated ATP generated in the glycolic pathway was 675 mM. Therefore, only 0.4% of the generated ATP was used for synthesis of GSH, and the phenomenon was in agreement with what Murata et al observed [20]. This was attributed to the high ATPase activity in brewing yeasts especially in industrially used fast fermentation yeasts.…”

“…These results indicated that the cellular activities in the glycolysis and GSH synthesis pathways functioned well and GSH could be synthesized even without addition of ATP. This was also verified by Murata et al [20], who used intact and immobilized S. cerevisiae cells and the glutathione concentration reached nearly 460 and 610 mg/L, respectively. (1) 10 (1) Synthesis of GSH in a 500-ml agitated reactor Synthesis of GSH using the waste brewer's yeast cells was further carried out in a temperature-controlled 500-ml reactor mixed with a magnetically driven rotor.…”

“…In addition, 1,430 mg/L GSH was in the reaction medium due to cell permeation. The glutathione produced by intact cells was accumulated in the cells and was not excreted [20]. Therefore, the two-stage reaction using permeated cells could effectively reduce the feedback inhibition caused by GSH, thus enhanced GSH production.…”

Oxidative stress response in yeast: effect of glutathione on adaptation to hydrogen peroxide stress in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

“…Incubation of the cells with these amino acids increased the intracellular glutathione level (Table 1) [15], and consequently the cells showed a higher resistance against H202 (Fig. 1).…”

“…Assays of glutathione-producing activity and extraction of glutathione from cells were carried out essentially the same as those described by Murata et al [15]. Ceils were incubated in a mixture containing 0.5 M glucose, 0.01 M MgC12, 0.02 M L-glutamate, 0.02 M L-cysteine, 0.02 M glycine and 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) at 28°C for 1 h with shaking.…”