Glycopeptide-resistant enterococci isolated from uncooked meat

Pr, Chadwick; Woodford, Neil; Eb, Kaczmarski; Sj, Gray; Ra, Barrell; Ba, Oppenheim

doi:10.1093/jac/38.5.908

Cited by 69 publications

(27 citation statements)

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“…This species distribution differs from that reported in other studies in which E. faecium and E. faecalis strains normally outnumber other species (4,(10)(11)(12)(13)(14). The proportion of E. gallinarum strains that we isolated is higher than that reported even by other studies using enrichment methods (10,12,14).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Comparison of different data is hindered because the samples studied and detection methods vary considerably. However, all studies show the existence of a considerable pool of VRE in foods of animal origin (4,10,11,14,15). To our knowledge, only two studies are similar to our own, having effected a survey of human VRE fecal colonization and of VRE contamination in meat available at the retail level in one discrete geographical area (11,14).…”

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confidence: 74%

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Occurrence of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci in Pork and Poultry Products from a Cattle-Rearing Area of France

et al. 2001

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 74%

Occurrence of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci in Pork and Poultry Products from a Cattle-Rearing Area of France

et al. 2001

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“…It was reported that as much as 80% of total antibiotic production in the United States is used in agriculture, with a substantial portion of this used for the nontherapeutic purpose of growth promotion (4,5). AR bacteria have been found in farm animals where antibiotics are heavily used (6)(7)(8), in associated food products (9,10), in environments contaminated by animal waste (11,12), and in farm workers (13)(14)(15). Drugs that are used therapeutically in animals also may generate a reservoir of AR bacteria (16,17).…”

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confidence: 99%

Animal antibiotic use has an early but important impact on the emergence of antibiotic resistance in human commensal bacteria

Smith

Harris

Johnson

et al. 2002

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

397

267

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Antibiotic use is known to promote the development of antibiotic resistance, but substantial controversy exists about the impact of agricultural antibiotic use (AAU) on the subsequent emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria among humans. AAU for animal growth promotion or for treatment or control of animal diseases generates reservoirs of antibiotic-resistant (AR) bacteria that contaminate animal food products. Mathematical models are an important tool for understanding the potential medical consequences of this increased exposure. We have developed a mathematical model to evaluate factors affecting the prevalence of human commensal AR bacteria that cause opportunistic infections (e.g., enterococci). Our analysis suggests that AAU hastens the appearance of AR bacteria in humans. Our model indicates that the greatest impact occurs very early in the emergence of resistance, when AR bacteria are rare, possibly below the detection limits of current surveillance methods.T he development of antibiotic resistance (AR) among pathogenic bacteria has emerged as a major public health concern. The appearance of AR has been directly linked with the use and overuse of antibiotics (1-4). It was reported that as much as 80% of total antibiotic production in the United States is used in agriculture, with a substantial portion of this used for the nontherapeutic purpose of growth promotion (4, 5). AR bacteria have been found in farm animals where antibiotics are heavily used (6-8), in associated food products (9, 10), in environments contaminated by animal waste (11,12), and in farm workers (13)(14)(15). Drugs that are used therapeutically in animals also may generate a reservoir of AR bacteria (16,17). AR bacteria in food animals threaten the efficacy of human drugs if AR bacteria or AR genes become incorporated into bacteria populations colonizing humans. To provide a basis for public policy discussions about agricultural antibiotic use (AAU), we have developed a mathematical model to quantify the medical consequences.AAU may cause AR bacterial infections in humans by two different processes. First, AAU increases the frequency of AR in zoonotic pathogens such as Campylobacter or Salmonella. These pathogens are typically acquired through exposure to contaminated animal food products. Human-to-human transmission of zoonotic pathogens is rare, although it may occur in settings where humans are immuno-compromised or where the gut community has been disturbed by heavy medical antibiotic use (MAU; ref. 18). Therefore, the incidence of AR in zoonotic infections of humans is directly related to the prevalence of AR bacteria in food animals. A risk-assessment model examining resistance in a zoonotic pathogen was recently proposed by FDA (see http:͞͞www.fda.gov͞cvm͞antimicrobial͞Risk asses.htm).Second, AR bacteria from food animals may facilitate the development of AR in human commensal bacteria which ordinarily colonize humans without causing infection. Commensal bacteria typically have long persistence times, frequent humanto-human ...

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“…Thus, VRE are thought to have evolved and spread due to the heavy antibiotic use in hospitals, a theory that the recent reported recovery of VRE of the vanA genotype from hospital sewage strengthens (14). In contrast, studies from European countries report a high prevalence of VRE, mainly Enterococcus faecium of the vanA genotype, among nonhospitalized individuals, among farmers, among farm animals, in meat products, and in sewage treatment plants (2,4,5,7,19,35). Genetic fingerprinting of European nosocomial VRE isolates has often shown polyclonality, indicating the import of various vanA strains from the community (6,10).…”

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confidence: 99%

High Prevalence of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci in Swedish Sewage

Iversen

Kühn

Franklin

et al. 2002

Appl Environ Microbiol

148

116

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In Europe the use of the growth promoter avoparcin is considered to have selected for vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE). Sweden ceased using avoparcin in 1986, and only occasional cases of VRE from hospitals have been reported since 1995. Within the framework of a European study, samples from urban raw sewage, treated sewage, surface water, and hospital sewage in Sweden (n ‫؍‬ 118) were screened for VRE. Surprisingly, VRE were isolated from 21 of 35 untreated sewage samples (60%), from 5 of 14 hospital sewage samples (36%), from 6 of 32 treated sewage samples (19%), and from 1 of 37 surface water samples. Thirty-five isolates from 33 samples were further characterized by geno-and phenotyping, MIC determination, and PCR analysis. Most isolates (30 of 35) carried the vanA gene, and the majority (24 of 35) of the isolates were Enterococcus faecium. Most of the VRE were multiresistant. The typing revealed high diversity of the isolates. However, one major cluster with seven identical or similar isolates was found. These isolates came from three different sewage treatment plants and were collected at different occasions during 1 year. All VRE from hospital sewage originated from one of the two hospitals studied. That hospital also had vancomycin consumption that was 10-fold that of the other. We conclude that VRE were commonly found in sewage samples in Sweden. The origin might be both healthy individuals and individuals in hospitals. Possibly, antimicrobial drugs or chemicals released into the sewage system may sustain VRE in the system.

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Glycopeptide-resistant enterococci isolated from uncooked meat

Cited by 69 publications

References 0 publications

Occurrence of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci in Pork and Poultry Products from a Cattle-Rearing Area of France

Occurrence of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci in Pork and Poultry Products from a Cattle-Rearing Area of France

Animal antibiotic use has an early but important impact on the emergence of antibiotic resistance in human commensal bacteria

High Prevalence of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci in Swedish Sewage

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