“…18–23 For example, AuNPs are used as electrochemical probes for the detection of many analytes such as cortisol, 24 diethylstilbestrol, 25 dopamine, 26 norepinephrine, 27 serotonin, 28 boron, 29 copper( ii ) ions, 30 arsenic ions, 31 phosphates, 32 and Escherichia coli . 33 AuNPs can be fabricated by different methods such as laser-induced photochemical synthesis, 34 plasma-based instant synthesis, 35 UV-induced decomposition, 36 chemical vapor deposition, 37 and chemical reduction. 38 Chemical reduction is considered the most widely used method for the synthesis of AuNPs.…”