“…Nanoparticles (having size in range of 100 nm) have received significant attention due to the unique physical and chemical properties that arise primarily from their dimensions. These properties make them suitable in a broad array of applications ( Hashem and Salem, 2022 ; Hashem et al, 2023 ) including gas sensors ( Shin et al, 2023 ), lithium-ion batteries ( Fang et al, 2023 ), dye-sensitized solar cells ( Jin et al, 2023 ), adsorption ( Debnath and Das, 2023 ), heterogeneous photodegradation ( Mota et al, 2023 ), biosensing ( Lei et al, 2023 ), and antibacterial substrates ( lashin et al, 2023 ; Al-Askar et al, 2023 ). Additionally, NPs have shown a vast range of biological applications, including antibacterial, anticancer, and antioxidant properties ( Singh et al, 2023 ).…”