“…Different labels are used in a LFB, and the most widely used label is gold nanoparticles as the color can be seen by the naked eye (Posthuma-Trumpie et al, 2009;Pyo and Yoo, 2012;Ren et al, 2014). LFBs have been established for the detection of various targets, such as cells, heavy metals, microRNA, viruses and bacteria (Liu et al, 2009;Chai et al, 2010;Wu et al, 2013;Mdluli et al, 2014;Gao et al, 2016;Huang et al, 2016;Jiao et al, 2019;Li et al, 2020). LFBs have developed rapidly in recent years due to their low-cost, portability and specificity.…”