Graphene Oxide-Based Biosensors for Liquid Biopsies in Cancer Diagnosis

Abstract

Liquid biopsies use blood or urine as test samples, which are able to be continuously collected in a non-invasive manner. The analysis of cancer-related biomarkers such as circulating tumor cells (CTCs), circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), microRNA, and exosomes provides important information in early cancer diagnosis, tumor metastasis detection, and postoperative recurrence monitoring assist with clinical diagnosis. However, low concentrations of some tumor markers, such as CTCs, ctDNA, and microRNA, in the blood limit its applications in clinical detection and analysis. Nanomaterials based on graphene oxide have good physicochemical properties and are now widely used in biomedical detection technologies. These materials have properties including good hydrophilicity, mechanical flexibility, electrical conductivity, biocompatibility, and optical performance. Moreover, utilizing graphene oxide as a biosensor interface has effectively improved the sensitivity and specificity of biosensors for cancer detection. In this review, we discuss various cancer detection technologies regarding graphene oxide and discuss the prospects and challenges of this technology.

Sublethal exposure of small few-layer graphene promotes metabolic alterations in human skin cells

“…Graphene-related materials (GRMs) have appeared as promising elements in different fields from composites to electronics applications 1 . In biomedicine, GRMs have been employed in imaging 2 , drug delivery 3 , 4 , diagnosis 5 and many others areas 6 – 12 . Nonetheless, there is currently a lack of data concerning the effect of GRMs on human health, especially when these materials interact with highly sensitive barriers such as skin.…”

RING finger protein RGLG1 and RGLG2 negatively modulate MAPKKK18 mediated drought stress tolerance in Arabidopsis

“…In addition to MAPKKK18, Ethylene Response Factor 53 (ERF53) and PP2CA were also reported to be the targets of the RGLG family E3 ligases in Arabidopsis. In the nucleus, RGLG1 and RGLG2 interact with ERF53 and mediate its ubiquitination for proteasome degradation (Cheng et al, 2012). Similar to MAPKKK18, ERF53 was stabilized in rglg1rglg2 and higher drought tolerance was acquired when ERF53 was overexpressed in rglg1rglg2 background (Cheng et al, 2012).…”

“…In the nucleus, RGLG1 and RGLG2 interact with ERF53 and mediate its ubiquitination for proteasome degradation (Cheng et al, 2012). Similar to MAPKKK18, ERF53 was stabilized in rglg1rglg2 and higher drought tolerance was acquired when ERF53 was overexpressed in rglg1rglg2 background (Cheng et al, 2012). Purified His-MAPKKK18, His-MAPKKK18 K32R , His-MAPKKK18 K154R and His-MAPKKK18 K32R,K154R were incubated with total protein extracts prepared from 7-d-old WT seedlings for the indicated periods.…”

“…RGLG1 and RGLG2 mediate MAPKKK18 ubiquitination RGLG1 and RGLG2 have been characterized to be functional E3 ubiquitin ligases (Cheng et al, 2012). Given that RGLG1 and RGLG2 interact with MAPKKK18, we next examined whether RGLG1 and RGLG2 can ubiquitinate MAPKKK18.…”

Detection of circulating tumor cells: Advances and critical concerns (Review)

“…CTCs. Development of nanotechnology has included the adaptation of numerous state-of-the-art nanoscale materials, such as metals, metal oxides, semiconductors, liposomes, graphene and graphene oxide, into nanoparticles, nanowires, nanofibers, nanopillars, and nanotubes (18,(35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40). These nanomaterials have been successfully incorporated into platforms capable of detecting CTCs.…”