Graphene synthesis: a Review

Abstract

Graphene has achieved a great amount of popularity and interest from the science world because of its extraordinary physical, mechanical and thermal properties. Graphene is an allotrope of carbon, having one-atom-thick planar sheets of sp 2 bonded carbon atoms densely packed in a honeycomb crystal lattice. Many methods to synthesize graphene have been developed over a short period and we believe it is necessary to create a list of the most notable approaches. This article focuses on the methods to synthesize graphene in an attempt to summarize and document advancements in the synthesis of graphene research and future prospects.

Lignin‐derived electrochemical energy materials and systems

“…As a special type of advanced carbon material, graphene is regarded as one of the most promising materials in the 21st century for various applications, including electrochemical energy storage and conversion, due to its extraordinary electronic and mechanical properties of having an ultrathin structure, quantum electronic transport, bandgap opening, high mechanical strength, and excellent thermal and electrical conductivity . There are several different approaches for graphene synthesis, involving mechanical peeling, liquid exfoliation, chemical exfoliation, and epitaxial growth like chemical vapor deposition (CVD) . However, the original mechanical peeling and liquid exfoliation method just only yields small amounts of high‐quality graphene, and many strong oxidizers and reducing agents, which are toxic and hazardous to the environment and human health, are necessary in the chemical oxidation–reduction process .…”

Combating Hydrogen Embrittlement With Graphene Based Coatings

“…Titanium Oxides (TiO2), Zirconium oxide, Tantalum Oxide (Ta2O5), Alumina thin films (Al2O3). Ceramic oxide coatings are better over metallic or organic oxides in terms of their higher hardness and strength [57]. These are used in industrial applications on account of excellent resistant to oxidation, corrosion, and wear than metals in high-temperature applications [58].…”

“…Polymer and metallic matrices nanocomposite coatings are receiving a great attention in industry as protective coatings on account of extraordinary hydrophobic properties. In polymer bases nano coatings, polymers are as host matrices & nanomaterials are inducted as filler or pigment resulting in hybrid organic-inorganic material [57]. Popularly used nano fillers are CNT [69], Graphene oxide [67,69], ZrO [69], SiO2 [70]etc with polymer matrix of epoxy, vinyl, epoxy resins and fluoropolymer.…”

“…Research conducted in last 10 years implies that the high quality graphene and its composite membranes could be impermeable and exhibit excellent barrier properties to many reactive and gases (e.g. hydrogen, helium) and liquids, salts and acids [56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73] along with high chemical and thermal stability. These features position graphene ahead over other barrier materials available for industrial application.…”

Method for determining the adhesion force between graphene and copper

“…Manifestation of properties of this two-dimensional carbon structure in the form of high mobility of charge carriers [1], thermal conductivity [2], strength [3], and low gas permeability [4] allows its use in various scientific and technical fields. Graphene can be synthesized in many ways [5], but the most widely spread method is chemical vapor deposition (CVD). In this method, copper (Cu) is most often used as a catalytic surface, where graphene grows [6 -8].…”