Graphene: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications

Abstract

Since the breakthrough work by Geim and Novosolov in 2004, the investigation on graphene has grown as a result of graphene's unique electronic, mechanical, and chemical properties. To characterize single‐layer graphene, interfacial diffraction‐induced color difference was the first milestone in the graphene adventure, and then Raman spectroscopy, scanning probe microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy were used to identify the graphene layers. Apart from the Scotch tap legend, the massive production of graphene is important for graphene research and applications. The current preparation methods can be classified into top‐down (eg, chemical intercalation and liquid exfoliation) and bottom‐up (eg, chemical vapor deposition and, chemical total synthesis) strategies. The massive production of graphene has enabled researchers to explore graphene in a variety of applications, for instance, energy conversion and storage, sensor, reinforcement, catalysis, separation, and so on. Meanwhile, inspired by the legend of graphene, other layered materials are being investigated. Challenges and future perspectives in the studies of graphene and other quasi‐two‐dimensional nanomaterials are discussed.

Effect of Functionalized Benzene Derivatives as Potential Hole Scavengers for BiVO4 and rGO-BiVO4 Photoelectrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution

“…Despite the disruption of the graphene-associated sp 2 framework in rGO due to the presence of oxygen moieties and potential antagonistic electrostatic interactions, some intact sp 2 hybridized domains facilitate the stacking of SFBDs as can be seen in Figure 1A. PH prefers an A-B stacking configuration whereas BA and BA − prefer the so-called bridge stacking configuration [20]. Stacking interactions affect the ionization energies of rGO, as shown in Figure 1B.…”

Carbon Nanomaterials-Based Screen-Printed Electrodes for Sensing Applications

“…Research into the optimal properties of carbon for electrochemical sensors began around the 1960s with the creation of glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) [ 6 ]. With the technological advances in morphological characterization, it was possible to discover different forms of carbon, these being useful for the manufacture of devices such as graphene and carbon nanotubes [ 5 , 7 ].…”