Grasshopper genome reveals long-term conservation of the X chromosome and temporal variation in X chromosome evolution

Li, Xinghua; Mank, Judith E.; Ban, Liping

doi:10.1101/2022.09.08.507201

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…Our results show that the P. cognata X chromosome is homologous to the X of Orthoptera and Blattodea, as well as to the ancient X chromosome of Diptera—Muller element F, consistent with the finding of high conservation of the X chromosome across numerous insect taxa ( Meisel et al 2019 ; Chauhan et al 2021 ; Li et al 2022 ; Toups and Vicoso 2023 ). Despite the homology between the scorpionfly and dipteran X chromosomes, the 2 chromosomes differ at several key features.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…To generate peptide sequences for N. appendiculata and L. migratoria , we first downloaded RNA-seq for each species (ERR10378025 ( https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra/?term=-ERR10378025 ) and SRR22110765 ( Li et al 2022 ), respectively) from the Sequence Read Archive hosted by NCBI. Quality was assessed using FastQC ( https://www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk/projects/fastqc/ ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, conservation of the X chromosome has been observed in Hemipterans ( Pal and Vicoso 2015 ) and Coleoptera ( Bracewell et al 2023 ). The most striking evidence of conservation so far is the apparent homology between the X chromosomes of the cockroach (Blattodea) ( Meisel et al 2019 ), the damselfly ( Chauhan et al 2021 ), the grasshopper (Orthoptera) ( Li et al 2022 ), and the ancestral dipteran X chromosome—element F, suggesting that the same X chromosome has been maintained for over 400 Myr of evolution. Why such an ancient and well conserved sex chromosome would undergo repeated turnover in Diptera is unclear.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Scorpionfly (Panorpa cognata) Genome Highlights Conserved and Derived Features of the Peculiar Dipteran X Chromosome

Lasne,

Elkrewi,

Toups

et al. 2023

Molecular Biology and Evolution

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Many insects carry an ancient X chromosome—the Drosophila Muller element F—that likely predates their origin. Interestingly, the X has undergone turnover in multiple fly species (Diptera) after being conserved for more than 450 My. The long evolutionary distance between Diptera and other sequenced insect clades makes it difficult to infer what could have contributed to this sudden increase in rate of turnover. Here, we produce the first genome and transcriptome of a long overlooked sister-order to Diptera: Mecoptera. We compare the scorpionfly Panorpa cognata X-chromosome gene content, expression, and structure to that of several dipteran species as well as more distantly related insect orders (Orthoptera and Blattodea). We find high conservation of gene content between the mecopteran X and the dipteran Muller F element, as well as several shared biological features, such as the presence of dosage compensation and a low amount of genetic diversity, consistent with a low recombination rate. However, the 2 homologous X chromosomes differ strikingly in their size and number of genes they carry. Our results therefore support a common ancestry of the mecopteran and ancestral dipteran X chromosomes, and suggest that Muller element F shrank in size and gene content after the split of Diptera and Mecoptera, which may have contributed to its turnover in dipteran insects.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Scorpionfly (Panorpa cognata) Genome Highlights Conserved and Derived Features of the Peculiar Dipteran X Chromosome

Lasne,

Elkrewi,

Toups

et al. 2023

Molecular Biology and Evolution

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New estimates of genome size in Orthoptera and their evolutionary implications

Hawlitschek

Sadílek

Dey

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Animal genomes vary widely in size, and much of their architecture and content remains poorly understood. Even among related groups, such as orders of insects, genomes may vary in size by orders of magnitude – for reasons unknown. The largest known insect genomes were repeatedly found in Orthoptera, e.g., Podisma pedestris (1C = 16.93 pg), Stethophyma grossum (1C = 18.48 pg) and Bryodemella holdereri (1C = 18.64 pg). While all these species belong to the suborder of Caelifera, the ensiferan Deracantha onos (1C = 19.60 pg) was recently found to have the largest genome. Here, we present new genome size estimates of 50 further species of Ensifera (superfamilies Gryllidea, Tettigoniidea) and Caelifera (Acrididae, Tetrigidae) based on flow cytometric measurements. We found that Bryodemella tuberculata (Caelifera: Acrididae) has the so far largest measured genome of all insects with 1C = 21.96 pg (21.48 gBp). Species with 2n = 16 and 2n = 22 chromosomes have significantly larger genomes than species with other chromosome counts. Gryllidea genomes vary between 1C = 0.95 and 2.88 pg, and Tetrigidae between 1C = 2.18 and 2.41, while the genomes of all other studied Orthoptera range in size from 1C = 1.37 to 21.96 pg. Reconstructing ancestral genome sizes based on a phylogenetic tree of mitochondrial genomic data, we found genome size values of >15.84 pg only for the nodes of Bryodemella holdereri/B. tuberculata and Chrysochraon dispar/Euthystira brachyptera. The predicted values of ancestral genome sizes are 6.19 pg for Orthoptera, 5.37 pg for Ensifera, and 7.28 pg for Caelifera. The reasons for the large genomes in Orthoptera remain largely unknown, but a duplication seems unlikely as chromosome numbers do not differ. Sequence-based genomic studies may shed light on the underlying evolutionary mechanisms.

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Global perspectives and transdisciplinary opportunities for locust and grasshopper pest management and research

Word Ries,

Adriaansen,

Aldobai

et al. 2024

JOR

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Locusts and other migratory grasshoppers are transboundary pests. Monitoring and control, therefore, involve a complex system made up of social, ecological, and technological factors. Researchers and those involved in active management are calling for more integration between these siloed but often interrelated sectors. In this paper, we bring together 38 coauthors from six continents and 34 unique organizations, representing much of the social-ecological-technological system (SETS) related to grasshopper and locust management and research around the globe, to introduce current topics of interest and review recent advancements. Together, the paper explores the relationships, strengths, and weaknesses of the organizations responsible for the management of major locust-affected regions. The authors cover topics spanning humanities, social science, and the history of locust biological research and offer insights and approaches for the future of collaborative sustainable locust management. These perspectives will help support sustainable locust management, which still faces immense challenges such as fluctuations in funding, focus, isolated agendas, trust, communication, transparency, pesticide use, and environmental and human health standards. Arizona State University launched the Global Locust Initiative (GLI) in 2018 as a response to some of these challenges. The GLI welcomes individuals with interests in locusts and grasshoppers, transboundary pests, integrated pest management, landscape-level processes, food security, and/or cross-sectoral initiatives.

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Grasshopper genome reveals long-term conservation of the X chromosome and temporal variation in X chromosome evolution

Cited by 3 publications

References 56 publications

The Scorpionfly (Panorpa cognata) Genome Highlights Conserved and Derived Features of the Peculiar Dipteran X Chromosome

The Scorpionfly (Panorpa cognata) Genome Highlights Conserved and Derived Features of the Peculiar Dipteran X Chromosome

New estimates of genome size in Orthoptera and their evolutionary implications

Global perspectives and transdisciplinary opportunities for locust and grasshopper pest management and research

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