Green aspects in the procedure of detection ketamine, flunitrazepam, and diazepam in drinks based on dried sample spot analysis

Stelmaszczyk, Paweł; Gacek, Ewa; Wietecha‐Posłuszny, Renata

doi:10.1016/j.greeac.2022.100029

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The LOD and LOQ reported in ref. [13] are much lower than in the current work, which is reasonable considering that they used LC-TOF-MS for analysis. Furthermore, the proposed approach has yielded LODs and LOQs that are notably lower than those achieved by prior published methods [10,12].…”

Section: Analytical Performancesupporting

confidence: 48%

“…For nonbiological samples such as alcoholic/non-alcoholic beverages and cream biscuits; LLE has been used as a sample preparation for their determination by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), paper spray-mass spectrometry (PS-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [10][11][12]. In a recent report, LLE in combination with microwave assisted extraction (MAE) was used for extraction of BZDs spotted on a DBS card and analyzed by LC-MS [13]. However, LLE is a time-consuming and arduous process that requires large quantities of toxic organic solvents.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cellulose Paper Sorptive Extraction (CPSE) Combined with Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) for Facile Determination of Lorazepam Residues in Food Samples Involved in Drug Facilitated Crimes

Jain

Kabir

et al. 2023

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Reports related to incidences of drug facilitated crimes (DFCs) have notably increased in recently. In such cases, victims report being assaulted or robbed while under the influence of drugs. Lorazepam (LZ) is frequently used in DFCs as it can easily make victims docile owing to its potent numbing effect. Therefore, a straightforward and green analytical method to analyze LZ in spiked food matrices in connection with criminal acts becomes important. The current study reports a simple, green, and high sample throughput analytical method for determining LZ in food and drink matrices commonly encountered in DFCs, based on recently introduced cellulose paper sorptive extraction (CPSE). For the extraction of LZ from food matrices, pristine cellulose paper (CP, commonly used laboratory filter paper) was used as a sorptive medium. Five pieces of CP (1.5″ × 1.5″ each) were dipped into diluted food matrices (cream biscuits and tea) and stirred on a rotary shaker for 30 min at 200 rpm. The CPs were then dried, and the adsorbed LZ was back-extracted into 2 mL of methanol. The extract was then subjected to GC–MS analysis in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. Several parameters, including CP size and number, back-extraction solvent type and volume, sample volume, extraction time and stirring speed, pH, ionic strength, elution time and speed, were thoroughly screened and optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the method was found to be linear in the range of 0.2–10 µg·mL−1 (or µg·g−1) with a coefficient of determination (R2) ranging from 0.996–0.998. The limit of detection and limit of quantification for cream biscuits were 0.054 and 0.18 µg·g−1 whereas they were 0.05 and 0.16 µg·mL−1 for tea samples. For all measurements, the relative standard deviations (%RSD) were always below 10%. Two mL of methanol per sample was used during the entire sample preparation process. The greenness of the proposed procedure was evaluated using Analytical Eco-Scale and GAPI greenness assessment tools. Finally, the CPSE–GC–MS method has been applied for the determination of LZ in forensic food samples which were used in DFCs.

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Section: Analytical Performancesupporting

confidence: 48%