Green, cost‐effective and efficient procedure for Heck and Sonogashira coupling reactions using palladium nanoparticles supported on functionalized Fe₃O₄@SiO₂ by polyvinyl alcohol as a highly active, durable and reusable catalyst

Abstract

A novel heterogenized organometallic catalyst was synthesized by coordinating palladium with polyvinyl alcohol‐functionalized Fe3O4@SiO2 nanospheres. This novel catalyst was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscope, field emission scanning electron microscope, dynamic light scattering, UV–vis spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray analysis, thermogravimetric analysis and inductively coupled plasma analysis. The prepared palladium nanoparticles supported on polyvinyl alcohol functionalized Fe3O4@SiO2 nanoparticles were successfully applied as a magnetically recyclable catalyst in Heck and Sonogashira coupling reactions in water. They showed remarkable activity toward aryl halides (I, Br, Cl) using very low palladium loading in excellent yields and demonstrated high TONs (mmol of product per mmol of catalyst). Also, the catalyst could be magnetically separated and reused seven times without any appreciable loss of catalytic activity.

Synthesis and characterization of microbial mediated cadmium oxide nanoparticles

“…The sample was placed on stub utilizing adhesives which were laminated with gold. It was then observed to confirm the structure and size of the synthesized CdO NPs (Aswini, Murugesan, & Kannan, 2020; Fatima et al, 2018; Kannan, Radhika, Vijayalakshmi, et al, 2020; Karthik, Dhanuskodi, Gopinath, & Sivaramakrishnan, 2014; Long, Borissova, Wilson, & Avelar‐Batista Wilson, 2017; Sardarian, Eslahi, & Esmaeilpour, 2019).…”

Copper-free Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions: an overview

“…Worthy of mentioning that aryl halides having electron-withdrawing groups were more reactive in comparison with electron-releasing groups (Scheme 35). 97 An efficient and common method for the Cu-free Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction using micellar aqueous reaction conditions was developed in 2019 by Jakobi and co-workers. By using the market purchasable CataCXium A Pd G3 and tetrahydrofuran as co-solvent, different alkyne substrates were successfully cross-coupled with various aryl halides, affording increased yields and also low catalyst loadings.…”

Synthesis of Novel Azo-Linked 5-Amino-Pyrazole-4-Carbonitrile Derivatives Using Tannic Acid–Functionalized Silica-Coated Fe3O4 Nanoparticles as a Novel, Green, and Magnetically Separable Catalyst

“…Therefore, applications of these magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have been developed in drug delivery, cancer treatment, magnetic resonance imaging, tissue repairing, contrast agents, magnetic storage media, biosensing, magnetic inks for jet printing, and catalysis ( Inaloo et al, 2020 ; Eslahi et al, 2021 ). However, MNPs easily aggregate in aqueous solutions due to their anisotropic dipolar attraction ( Sardarian et al, 2019 ). Also, they are unstable in acidic environments and may be oxidized by air, which can alter their magnetic properties, reduce adsorption capacity, and limit the range of application ( Pourjavadi et al, 2012 ).…”