Green in the deep blue: deep eutectic solvents as versatile systems for the processing of marine biomass

Seaweed-based polysaccharides – review of extraction, characterization, and bioplastic application

“…81 These solvents consist of hydrogen bond donors (HBDs) and acceptors (HBAs) which, when combined at precise ratios, yield a viscous liquid system at room temperature with a significantly lower melting point than that of each individual HBD and HBA species. 82 The formation of these eutectic systems is thought to be driven by hydrogen bonding interactions. Notably, certain researchers distinguish natural DESs (NADESs) from standard DESs when the constituent species are primary metabolites such as amino acids, organic acids, sugars, or choline derivatives.…”

“…Notably, DESs are often recognized for their cost-effectiveness and ease of preparation in contrast to ILs, as well as their marked biodegradability and low toxicity. 82 The synthesis of DESs relies on vacuum evaporation, freeze-drying, grinding and heating and stirring methods. Moreover, the manipulation of the ratio between the two components (HBD and HBA) enables the fine-tuning of thermodynamic attributes such as polarity and conductivity within the eutectic system.…”

Closing the Nutrient Loop—The New Approaches to Recovering Biomass Minerals during the Biorefinery Processes

“…With respect to other types of biomass, (Na)DESs have been used for efficient hydroxyapatite extraction from fish scales, reviewed in [206], demineralization of chitin-rich biomass with promising results, for example up to 100% demineralization efficiency of crab shells in acidic DESs consisting of choline chloride and carboxylic acids (malonic, malic, or lactic acid) [207], more than 95% demineralization efficiency of insect powder with several, mostly acidic, DES [208].…”

Towards the sustainable extraction and purification of non-animal proteins from biomass using alternative solvents

“…Their formation, which comprises a significant negative deviation from the ideal solid–liquid phase behaviour, depends on strong hydrogen bonding established between one or more hydrogen bond donors (HBDs) and hydrogen bond acceptors (HBAs). 11 They may be prepared with different molar ratios of the starting components. The resultant mixture has a melting point significantly lower than those of the composing individual species.…”