Green Leaf Volatiles: A Plant’s Multifunctional Weapon against Herbivores and Pathogens

Scala, A; Allmann, Silke; Mirabella, Rossana; Haring, Michel A.; Schuurink, Robert C.

doi:10.3390/ijms140917781

Cited by 386 publications

(333 citation statements)

References 210 publications

(286 reference statements)

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“…In the present study, nonanal was found to inhibit mycelial growth of Botrytis cinerea in varying degrees, with the MIC and MFC values 100 and 160 μL/L, respectively (Figure 1). These results confirmed the antifungal activity of nonanal previously found at relatively high concentrations [42]. Further, our results indicated that nonanal could damage the plasma membrane of spores (Figure 2).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Use of Nonanal-wax as Postharvest Fungicide of Tomato against <i>Botrytis cinerea</i>

Zhang¹,

Zeng²,

Sun³

et al. 2017

JFNR

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The antifungal activity of nonanal against Botrytis cinerea, one of the most important postharvest diseases of tomato gray mold, was tested by in vitro and in vivo experiments. Results of in vivo tests demonstrated that wax + nonanal treatment significantly decreased the incidence of gray mold during the entire storage period. After 8 d of storage, the disease incidences in Wax + nonanal (1×, 4× or 10× MFC)-treated fruits were 46.7%, 56.7%, 73.3%, respectively, in contrast to 100% of the control fruits. Loss of membrane integrity was examined and quantified under 10×MFC nonanal condition by the method of propidium iodide fluorescent staining. Wax + nonanal (10×MFC) treatment remarkably increased antioxidant enzyme activities, such as catalase (CAT), superoxidase dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL). Meanwhile, this treatment (10×MFC) evidently exhibited a delayed decline in antioxidant enzyme activities. Furthermore, nonanal treatment retained the fruit quality of tomatoes because it reduced the coloration index and weight loss and retained fruit firmness. No significant differences were found between the pH, Firmness and total soluble solid (TSS) content for all treatment under the same storage time. Our results suggest that nonanal can be considered as a good alternative to conventional fungicides in controlling the decay of tomato fruits.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Use of Nonanal-wax as Postharvest Fungicide of Tomato against <i>Botrytis cinerea</i>

Zhang¹,

Zeng²,

Sun³

et al. 2017

JFNR

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“…GLVs are C 6 molecules which are produced and emitted rapidly following herbivory or pathogen infection by almost every green plant (Scala et al, 2013). Mechanical damage of plant tissues can result in both quantitative and qualitative changes in the volatile emissions of GLVs (Scala et al, 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Apple Proliferation Phytoplasma Influences the Pattern of Plant Volatiles Emitted Depending on Pathogen Virulence

et al. 2016

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Apple proliferation (AP) and pear decline (PD) are the most severe diseases in pome fruit growing areas. AP-infected trees show typical symptoms such as witches' broom, enlarged stipules, tasteless, and dwarf fruits. PD-infected pears show a progressive weakening, reduced terminal growth, smaller fruits, and die within weeks (quick decline) or years (slow decline). The diseases are caused by the cell-wall lacking bacteria Candidatus Phytoplasma mali (AP phytoplasma) and Ca. P. pyri (PD phytoplasma), respectively. In previous studies it has been shown that AP-infected apple trees emitted higher amounts of the sesquiterpene β-caryophyllene, an attractant of the insect vector Cacopsylla picta (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), thereby facilitating the dispersal of AP phytoplasma. In the present study, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) occurring in the headspace of plants infected with Ca. P. mali strains causing different severity of symptoms in apple plants were collected, analyzed, and identified. Headspace samples from healthy and AP-infected model plant tobacco (Nicotiana occidentalis) and apple (Malus domestica) as well as from healthy and PD-infected pear (Pyrus communis) were investigated via thermodesorption and GC-MS analysis. Significantly higher concentrations of ethyl benzoate were produced in all phytoplasma-infected plants compared to healthy ones and an as yet unidentified sesquiterpene differed between the odor bouquets of healthy and by Ca. P. mali infected tobacco plants. Additionally, statistically significant higher amounts of both compounds were measured in the headspace of plants infected by the virulent AP strain. In apple, significantly higher concentrations of ethyl benzoate and methyl salicylate were observed for trees infected with strains of Ca. P. mali. Ethyl benzoate was also detected in the headspace of pear trees infected with Ca. P. pyri.

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“…As for the other BVOCs the highest concentrations 15 of most alcohols and acetates were measured in summer. Most of the measured alcohols and acetates were GLVs, which are emitted due to herbivory or pathogen infection by almost every green plant (Scala et al 2013) or due to physical damage of plants (Hakola et al 2001). …”

Section: Concentrations Of Alcohols and Acetatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sesquiterpenes identified as key species for atmospheric chemistry in boreal forest by terpenoid and OVOC measurements

Hellén

Praplan

Tykkä

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Abstract. Concentrations of terpenoids (isoprene, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes) and oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs, i.e. aldehydes, alcohols, acetates and volatile organic acids) were investigated during two years at a boreal forest site in Hyytiälä, Finland, using in situ gas chromatograph-mass spectrometers (GC-MS). Seasonal and diurnal variations of terpenoid and OVOC concentrations as well as their relationship with meteorological factors were studied.Of the studied VOCs, C2-C7 unbranched volatile organic acids (VOAs) were found to have the highest concentrations mainly 20 due to their low reactivity. Of the terpenoids, monoterpenes (MTs) had highest concentrations at the site, but also 7 different highly reactive sesquiterpenes (SQTs) were detected. Monthly and daily mean concentrations of most terpenoids, aldehydes and VOAs were found to be highly dependent on the temperature. Highest exponential correlation with temperature was found for a SQT (β-caryophyllene) in summer. The diurnal variations of the concentrations could be explained by sources, sinks and vertical mixing. Especially the diurnal variations of MT concentrations were strongly affected by vertical mixing. Based on 25 the temperature correlations and mixing layer height simple proxies were developed for estimating MT and SQT concentrations.To estimate the importance of different compound groups and compounds for the local atmospheric chemistry, reactivity with main oxidants (OH, NO3 and O3) and production rates of oxidation products (OxPR) were calculated. MTs dominated OH and NO3 radical chemistry, but SQTs had a major impact on ozone chemistry, even though concentrations of SQT were 30 times 30 lower than MT concentrations. SQTs were the most important also for the production of oxidation products. Since SQTs have high secondary organic aerosol (SOA) yields, results clearly indicate the importance of SQTs for local SOA production.Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi

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Green Leaf Volatiles: A Plant’s Multifunctional Weapon against Herbivores and Pathogens

Cited by 386 publications

References 210 publications

Use of Nonanal-wax as Postharvest Fungicide of Tomato against <i>Botrytis cinerea</i>

Use of Nonanal-wax as Postharvest Fungicide of Tomato against <i>Botrytis cinerea</i>

Apple Proliferation Phytoplasma Influences the Pattern of Plant Volatiles Emitted Depending on Pathogen Virulence

Sesquiterpenes identified as key species for atmospheric chemistry in boreal forest by terpenoid and OVOC measurements

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