Green seed photosynthesis: What is it? What do we know about it? Where to go?

Shackira, A.M.; Sarath, Nair G.; Aswathi, K. P. Raj; Pardha-Saradhi, P.; Puthur, Jos T.

doi:10.1007/s40502-022-00695-4

Cited by 8 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Although seeds are vital for plant reproduction and to supply nutrients, they sometimes act as photosynthetic sites [45]. Seed photosynthesis is particularly important for controlling biosynthetic flux by increasing internal oxygen content and improving the energy supply of developing seeds [46][47][48]. Most of the proteins related to photosynthesis in the current study reached their maximum abundance at the early seed -filling phase (at 12DAA and 15DAA).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

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Comparative proteomics of round and wrinkled pea (Pisum sativum L.) during seed development period

Daba,

Panda,

Aryal

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Seeds are an important part of plants, ensuring the continuation of plants’ life and providing nutrient reserves for humans and animals. Seed development is controlled by the interplay of several physiological processes. We applied label-free proteomics to round and wrinkled peas using seeds sampled at five growth stages (4 days after anthesis (DAA), 7DAA, 12DAA, 15DAA, and maturity). Phenotypic results indicated that wrinkled peas had lower starch concentration compared to round peas (29.5% vs. 46.6-55.1%). A total of 4,126 high confident proteins were detected, with 22–26% shared across all sampling times within an entry. Early seed growth stages were characterized by more unique proteins compared to maturity. Two-way ANOVA revealed 1,685 proteins significantly different among samples, of which 722 proteins were characterized into 29 functional classes. The four major classes (comprising over 50 proteins) were protein biosynthesis, protein homeostasis, enzymes, and carbohydrate metabolism. Of the two types of comparisons (time-point and entry-wise), time-point comparisons yielded more differentially abundance proteins (596 proteins in total). Different protein classes exhibited different patterns of change during seed development. For example, cell division related proteins were abundant early in seed development, whereas storage proteins were abundant later in seed development (especially after 12DAA). Compared to the round pea entries, the wrinkled entry had significantly lower abundance of starch branching enzymes, a protein involved in the biosynthesis of amylopectin in starch. In conclusion, the results of this study provide valuable information to improve our understanding of seed development and form the basis for further studies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

“…Most of the proteins related to photosynthesis in the current study reached their maximum abundance at the early seed -filling phase (at 12DAA and 15DAA). Previous research [47,48] also found that seed photosynthesis happens early in seed development, when the seeds are still green.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Comparative proteomics of round and wrinkled pea (Pisum sativum L.) during seed development period

Daba,

Panda,

Aryal

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…In addition to fruit tissues, some seeds are green (chlorophyll-containing) during part of their development (e.g., grape berry seeds- [28]; immature coffee grains- [148]), or even until germination [149]. During maturation, the seeds lose their green color due to a decrease in chlorophylls and carotenoids, as seen for grape berry seeds [29] and coffee grains [148].…”

Section: The Particular Case Of Photosynthesis In Seedsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During maturation, the seeds lose their green color due to a decrease in chlorophylls and carotenoids, as seen for grape berry seeds [29] and coffee grains [148]. Although the machinery and the mechanism of the photosynthesis of leaves and green seeds seem to be quite similar, there are differences in characteristic features between the leaf and the green seed photosynthesis in higher plants, as recently revised by [149]. For instance, as compared to the leaves, the photosynthetic green seeds have: low chlorophyll a and b content; high chlorophyll a to b ratio; chloroplast with broad granal stacks; abundant PSII associated to proteins; higher PSI activity than PSII activity; and high potential to harvest at low PFD [149].…”

Section: The Particular Case Of Photosynthesis In Seedsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Research has been conducted to understand the specific physiological functions of photosynthesis in these organs [64,[149][150][151][152][153]. In general, seed photosynthesis may contribute in three distinct ways: (1) supply of oxygen to prevent and/or reduce hypoxia and hence to aid the high respiration rates during seed germination; (2) production of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), both fundamental for energetically demanding biosynthetic pathways in the chloroplast such as fatty acid synthesis; (3) provision of C-intermediates for primary and secondary metabolism by the CBB cycle; and (4) re-fixation of respiratory CO 2 by RuBisCO, which process can improve the energy efficiency of seeds.…”

Section: The Particular Case Of Photosynthesis In Seedsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fruit Photosynthesis: More to Know about Where, How and Why

Garrido

Conde

Serôdio

et al. 2023

Plants

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Not only leaves but also other plant organs and structures typically considered as carbon sinks, including stems, roots, flowers, fruits and seeds, may exhibit photosynthetic activity. There is still a lack of a coherent and systematized body of knowledge and consensus on the role(s) of photosynthesis in these “sink” organs. With regard to fruits, their actual photosynthetic activity is influenced by a range of properties, including fruit anatomy, histology, physiology, development and the surrounding microclimate. At early stages of development fruits generally contain high levels of chlorophylls, a high density of functional stomata and thin cuticles. While some plant species retain functional chloroplasts in their fruits upon subsequent development or ripening, most species undergo a disintegration of the fruit chloroplast grana and reduction in stomata functionality, thus limiting gas exchange. In addition, the increase in fruit volume hinders light penetration and access to CO2, also reducing photosynthetic activity. This review aimed to compile information on aspects related to fruit photosynthesis, from fruit characteristics to ecological drivers, and to address the following challenging biological questions: why does a fruit show photosynthetic activity and what could be its functions? Overall, there is a body of evidence to support the hypothesis that photosynthesis in fruits is key to locally providing: ATP and NADPH, which are both fundamental for several demanding biosynthetic pathways (e.g., synthesis of fatty acids); O2, to prevent hypoxia in its inner tissues including seeds; and carbon skeletons, which can fuel the biosynthesis of primary and secondary metabolites important for the growth of fruits and for spreading, survival and germination of their seed (e.g., sugars, flavonoids, tannins, lipids). At the same time, both primary and secondary metabolites present in fruits and seeds are key to human life, for instance as sources for nutrition, bioactives, oils and other economically important compounds or components. Understanding the functions of photosynthesis in fruits is pivotal to crop management, providing a rationale for manipulating microenvironmental conditions and the expression of key photosynthetic genes, which may help growers or breeders to optimize development, composition, yield or other economically important fruit quality aspects.

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Proteomics analysis of round and wrinkled pea (Pisum sativum L.) seeds during different development periods

Daba,

Panda,

Aryal

et al. 2024

Proteomics

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Seed development is complex, influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Understanding proteome profiles at different seed developmental stages is key to improving seed composition and quality. We used label‐free quantitative proteomics to analyze round and wrinkled pea seeds at five growth stages: 4, 7, 12, 15, and days after anthesis (DAA), and at maturity. Wrinkled peas had lower starch content (30%) compared to round peas (47%–55%). Proteomic analysis identified 3659 protein groups, with 21%–24% shared across growth stages. More proteins were identified during early seed development than at maturity. Statistical analysis found 735 significantly different proteins between wrinkled and round seeds, regardless of the growth stage. The detected proteins were categorized into 31 functional classes, including metabolic enzymes, proteins involved in protein biosynthesis and homeostasis, carbohydrate metabolism, and cell division. Cell division‐related proteins were more abundant in early stages, while storage proteins were more abundant later in seed development. Wrinkled seeds had lower levels of the starch‐branching enzyme (SBEI), which is essential for amylopectin biosynthesis. Seed storage proteins like legumin and albumin (PA2) were more abundant in round peas, whereas vicilin was more prevalent in wrinkled peas. This study enhances our understanding of seed development in round and wrinkled peas.The study highlighted the seed growth patterns and protein profiles in round and wrinkled peas during seed development. It showed how protein accumulation changed, particularly focusing on proteins implicated in cell division, seed reserve metabolism, as well as storage proteins and protease inhibitors. These findings underscore the crucial role of these proteins in seed development. By linking the proteins identified to Cameor‐based pea reference genome, our research can open avenues for deeper investigations into individual proteins, facilitate their practical application in crop improvement, and advance our knowledge of seed development.

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Green seed photosynthesis: What is it? What do we know about it? Where to go?

Cited by 8 publications

References 44 publications

Comparative proteomics of round and wrinkled pea (Pisum sativum L.) during seed development period

Comparative proteomics of round and wrinkled pea (Pisum sativum L.) during seed development period

Fruit Photosynthesis: More to Know about Where, How and Why

Proteomics analysis of round and wrinkled pea (Pisum sativum L.) seeds during different development periods

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