Green synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles prepared using Trigonella foenum-graecum L. leaves grown in Saudi Arabia

Abstract

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used for medical applications particularly as antimicrobial agents against multidrug-resistant microbial strains. Some plants stimulate the reduction of Ag ions to AgNPs. In this study, we prepared AgNPs via the green synthesis approach using fenugreek leaves grown in Saudi Arabia. Furthermore, we characterized these AgNPs and evaluated their antimicrobial activities against pathogenic yeast, bacteria, and fungi. The ultraviolet-visible peak at 380 nm confirmed the biosynthesis of NPs. Transmission electron microscopy analyses revealed particle size in the range of 9–57 nm with a spherical shape. Dynamic light scattering results confirm slight aggregation as the average particle size was shown as 68.71 nm and a polydispersity index of 0.083. The energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy results showed an intense peak at 3 keV, indicating the presence of elemental AgNPs. The synthesized AgNPs efficiently inhibit the growth of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria; however, varying degree of inhibition was shown toward fungi. The potent antimicrobial ability of the synthesized NPs can be attributed to their small size and round shape. Among all test organisms, the growth of Candida albicans and Helminthosporium sativum was remarkably affected by AgNPs treatment.

Sunlight-Mediated Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using the Berries of Ribes rubrum (Red Currants): Characterisation and Evaluation of Their Antifungal and Antibacterial Activities

“…The red currants (berries) were washed thoroughly. The aqueous extract was prepared by adding 10 g of fresh pulverised berries to 100 mL of distilled water [ 32 ]. The berries were crushed in a mortar and pestle.…”

“…Green synthesis of NPs uses plant material and is also referred to as phyto-fabrication. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has been reported from almost all parts of plants, including seeds and seed waste [ 24 , 25 ], arils [ 26 ], fruit and fruit waste [ 27 , 28 ], flowers [ 29 ], stems [ 30 ], roots [ 31 ] and leaves [ 32 ]. The green synthesised nanoparticles have shown potent cytotoxic, antifungal, and antibacterial activity against different cancer cell lines and several pathogenic isolates of bacteria and fungi [ 21 , 24 , 26 ].…”

“…AgNPs synthesised from seed extracts of Alpinia katsumadai and leaf extracts of Trigonella foenum - graecum L. and Thymbra spicata L. var. spicata showed excellent cytotoxic and antibacterial activity against some bacterial isolates [ 24 , 32 , 33 ]. Similarly, Abelmoschus esculentus flower extract demonstrated potent antiproliferative and cytotoxic activity; several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were also significantly inhibited [ 29 ].…”

Antifungal, Antibacterial, and Cytotoxic Activities of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized from Aqueous Extracts of Mace-Arils of Myristica fragrans

“…Mace was purchased from a local Unani store in Hyderabad, Telangana, India. Mace arils were roughly hand-crushed and employed for the aqueous extract preparation, as mentioned earlier [14]. Concisely, the crushed arils (10 g) were added to 100 mL of distilled water and boiled at 80 • C for 20 min.…”

“…Amongst them is the green synthesis of NPs, which uses plant materials and their extracts. Green synthesis of NPs is also known as phyto-fabrication, because it employs a variety of plant parts such as roots [12], stems [13], leaves [14], flowers [15], fruits [16,17], and seeds [18] for the fabrication, using different metals and their oxides. Previous research on the green synthesis of NPs has demonstrated that plant materials are very appropriate and reliable for the bio-fabrication of metallic NPs [19].…”