Green synthesis, physio-chemical characterization and anti-candidal function of a biocompatible chitosan gold nanocomposite as a promising antifungal therapeutic agent

Abstract

Green synthesized chitosan gold nanocomposite (CAuNC) and its anti-candidal function.

Octominin: A Novel Synthetic Anticandidal Peptide Derived from Defense Protein of Octopus minor

“…The formation of ROS such as superoxide anion (O 2 − ), hydroxyl radical ( -OH), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), and singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ) can lead to oxidative stress in cells, consequently inducing damage to the macromolecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins. A state of oxidative stress could activate degradation of the structural components, i.e., cellular membranes, and inactivate their basic functions by increasing the permeability, ultimately resulting in exposure of the cellular contents to the extracellular environment [30]. Indeed, the formation of ROS has been suggested as a critical step in the fungicidal mechanism of several AMPs [31].…”

“…A single colony picked up from a potato dextrose agar (PDA) plate was cultured in potato dextrose broth (PDB) under aerobic conditions at 30 • C for 24 h in a shaking incubator at 180 rpm. The C. albicans culture was centrifuged at 3500 rpm for 10 min to harvest the cells and washed twice with phosphate buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4) followed by re-suspension in PBS (OD 600 0.1) to adjust the concentration of 10 6 colony forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL), which was measured using a hemocytometer [30].…”

“…The effects of Octominin on the viability of C. albicans were tested by MTT assay as described by Dananjaya et al [30]. In brief, C. albicans was cultured in PDB (1 × 10 6 CFU/mL) and treated with the different concentrations of Octominin at 30 • C for 24 h in a shaking incubator at 180 rpm.…”

“…To investigate the effect of Octominin on the cell morphology of C. albicans, FE-SEM analysis was conducted as described by Dananjaya et al [30] with some modifications. C. albicans cells (10 6 CFU/mL) were treated with Octominin at the MIC (50 µg/mL) and MFC (200 µg/mL) for 6 h. As a control, C. albicans cells were left untreated and cultured for the same period.…”

Alkylimidazolium Ionic Liquids as Antifungal Alternatives: Antibiofilm Activity Against Candida albicans and Underlying Mechanism of Action

“…The mitochondrial dysfunction in C. albicans 10231 cells was assessed by ψ m and dehydrogenases activity. Rho123, a cationic and lipophilic dye used for quantifying ψ m because this dye can specifically stain negatively charged mitochondria (Dananjaya et al, 2017). A significant decrease in Rho123 staining by C. albicans 10231 upon treatment with antifungal ionic liquid (Figure 8) indicated disruption of membrane potential.…”