Greening the charcoal chain in Tanzania

Beukering, P.J.H. van; Hess, Sebastiaan; Massey, Eric; Prima, Sabina Di; Makundi, Victor G.; Leeuw, K. van der; Kahyarara, Godius

doi:10.1017/cbo9781139225311.011

Cited by 5 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…Even though Sedano et al [25] and Namaalwa et al [4] discuss the notion of harvesting by "minimum harvestable diameter" [4], we found at the studied sites that determining tree diameters was not practiced prior to felling trees. Indeed, Van Beukering et al [23] observed that, due to poor management, young trees were cut to cover earth-mound kilns. Moreover, the thin branches of young trees are -easier to set alight (see Figure 3d).…”

Section: Deforestation For Charcoal Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our interviews revealed that some landowners sell trees to charcoal burners and facilitate logging and charcoal burning on their premises. Because charcoal production requires an intimate knowledge of pyrolysis and combustion principles [23], entrepreneurial landowners hire burners for their skills to produce charcoal on their land, retaining sole ownership of the goods. Charcoal production in Uganda is banned in some districts [20] and transportation requires permits.…”

Section: Nomadism In Charcoal Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Enforcement is mainly geared towards transportation practices although access to information is still equally limited in this sector. Moreover, political barriers, such as corruption and cartels, render central governments 'powerless' in the intervention to limit or ban charcoal production in the most upstream parts of the supply chain [15,23].…”

Section: Nomadism In Charcoal Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, as new paths are continuously created by charcoal burners to make work easier, transport links in this trade somewhat deviate from traditional ones, at least in the most upstream part of the supply chain. Goods are moved on bicycles, carts or pick-up trucks to bring them from more remote townships to roadsides, where they are purchased in small quantities by private customers [20,23] or wholesale by other traders.…”

Section: Transportation Of Charcoalmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Beyond its purpose as an energy source, charcoal helps families out of abject poverty as a publicly traded commodity in local and export markets [6,15,21,33,[45][46][47][48]. The charcoal supply chain has multitudes of stakeholders [23,43], including entrepreneurs, predominantly involved in skillful charcoal production; and middlemen specialized in trade, transport, and logistics [15]. In Uganda, we observed that buyers recognize the product easily without labels and sophisticated packaging, and therefore modern advertising is not common in this country.…”

Section: Charcoal As a Commoditymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Charcoal as an Energy Resource: Global Trade, Production and Socioeconomic Practices Observed in Uganda

Nabukalu

Gieré

2019

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Around the world, charcoal has persisted as an energy resource and retained unequivocal dominance in the energy consumption mix of some nations many years on since modern alternatives were invented. Furthermore, it has secured unyielding significance as a commodity on local and international markets and remained an aggressive competitor to electricity and gas for cooking. Here, we analyze the charcoal supply chain and highlight the rudimentary production techniques common within the sub-Saharan region, using Uganda as an example. Top global producers, importers, and exporters are discussed and, based on fieldwork from ten locations in Uganda, we describe common trade practices, economic contributions and the realities of charcoal consumption in areas with concentrated grid and electricity coverage. Indeed, forest degradation and deforestation in the charcoal trade is indiscriminate and the world’s top producers and exporters of charcoal do not necessarily have vast forest resources. Pyrolysis, the process used to produce charcoal from wood, exacerbates risks of wild fires and deteriorates air quality. Our fieldwork indicates that little to no innovation exists to manage waste materials such as ash and polluting gases along the supply chain. Recommendations for the future include better forest conservation practices and more innovation at the cooking level, because effects of localized environmental degradation inevitably lead to negative impacts beyond geographical borders.

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Section: Deforestation For Charcoal Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Nomadism In Charcoal Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Nomadism In Charcoal Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Transportation Of Charcoalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Charcoal As a Commoditymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Charcoal as an Energy Resource: Global Trade, Production and Socioeconomic Practices Observed in Uganda

Nabukalu

Gieré

2019

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Market Signals of Unsustainable and Inequitable Forest Extraction: Assessing the Value of Illegal Timber Trade in the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania

et al. 2014

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Air Quality Impact of Diffuse and Inefficient Combustion Emissions in Africa (DICE-Africa)

Marais

Wiedinmyer

2016

Environ. Sci. Technol.

133

166

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Anthropogenic pollution in Africa is dominated by diffuse and inefficient combustion sources, as electricity access is low and motorcycles and outdated cars proliferate. These sources are missing, out-of-date, or misrepresented in state-of-the-science emission inventories. We address these deficiencies with a detailed inventory of Diffuse and Inefficient Combustion Emissions in Africa (DICE-Africa) for 2006 and 2013. Fuelwood for energy is the largest emission source in DICE-Africa, but grows from 2006 to 2013 at a slower rate than charcoal production and use, and gasoline and diesel for motorcycles, cars, and generators. Only kerosene use and gas flaring decline. Increase in emissions from 2006 to 2013 in this work is consistent with trends in satellite observations of formaldehyde and NO, but much slower than the explosive growth projected with a fuel consumption model. Seasonal biomass burning is considered a large pollution source in Africa, but we estimate comparable emissions of black carbon and higher emissions of nonmethane volatile organic compounds from DICE-Africa. Nitrogen oxide (NO ≡ NO + NO) emissions are much lower than from biomass burning. We use GEOS-Chem to estimate that the largest contribution of DICE-Africa to annual mean surface fine particulate matter (PM) is >5 μg m in populous Nigeria.

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Greening the charcoal chain in Tanzania

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

Charcoal as an Energy Resource: Global Trade, Production and Socioeconomic Practices Observed in Uganda

Charcoal as an Energy Resource: Global Trade, Production and Socioeconomic Practices Observed in Uganda

Market Signals of Unsustainable and Inequitable Forest Extraction: Assessing the Value of Illegal Timber Trade in the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania

Air Quality Impact of Diffuse and Inefficient Combustion Emissions in Africa (DICE-Africa)

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