Grid-Based Predictive Geographical Routing for Inter-Vehicle Communication in Urban Areas

Abstract

Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) are highly mobile wireless ad hoc networks for vehicular safety and other commercial applications, whereby vehicles move non-randomly along roads while exchanging information with other vehicles and roadside infrastructures. Inter-vehicle communication (IVC) is achieved wirelessly using multihop communication, without access to fixed infrastructure. Rapid movement and frequent topology changes cause repeated link breakages, increasing the packet loss rate. Geographical routing protocols are suitable for VANETs. However, they select the node nearest to the destination node as a relay node within the transmission range, increasing the possibility of a local maximum and link loss because of high mobility and urban road characteristics. We propose a grid-based predictive geographical routing (GPGR) protocol, which overcomes these problems. GPGR uses map data to generate a road grid and to predict the moving position during the relay node selection process. GPGR divides roads into two-dimensional road grids and considers every possible node movement. By restricting the position prediction in the road grid sequence, GPGR can predict the next position of nodes and select the optimal relay node. Simulation results using ns-2 demonstrated performance improvements in terms of local maximum probability, packet delivery rate, and link breakage rate.

Improving QoS of VANET using Network Coding

“…The coded packet comprised of the two packets is represented by packet (3). By XORing either of packets (1) or (2) with the coded packet (3) will decode the coded packet and deliver the other packet as illustrated in (4) and (5). The pipe line encoding aims to reduce the coding delay as well as to further improve the throughput [3].…”

GPSR+Predict: An Enhancement for GPSR to Make Smart Routing Decision by Anticipating Movement of Vehicles in VANETs

“…Their proposed protocol achieves higher packet delivery ratio for the network, lower end-to-end delay, while keeping the energy consumption at the same low levels of GPSR. Furthermore, a grid-based predictive geographical routing protocol (GPGR) has been proposed by the researchers of [33]. Indeed, they used a map data to generate the road grid and to predict the moving position during the relay node selection process.…”

“…Thus, it was noticed that the GPGR protocol reduces the possibility of link breakage and avoids falling on local maximum situation in urban scenarios. Moreover, authors of [33] suggested a new concept based on vehicles movement prediction. In fact, they estimated the Link Stability (LS) for each neighboring vehicle before selecting the next hop for data forwarding/sending.…”

Network coding techniques for VANET advertising applications

“…In those classes, the header of the cluster will always be responsible for all the rebroadcasting operations. The methods that have been used in [23][24][25][26] are examples of such behavior.…”