Ground Effects in the Response of a Single-Wire Transmission Line Illuminated by an E.M.P.

A New Formulation of the Cooray–Rubinstein Expression in Time Domain

“…For typical overhead lines, 10 −3 S/m ≤ σ ≤ 10 −2 S/m and ε 0 ≤ ε ≤ 10ε 0 [24], [25]. Note that, in the literature, larger values for σ have also been used, e.g., σ = 1 S/m or σ = 10 S/m [26], and smaller values too, e.g., σ = 10 −4 S/m [19].…”