Groundwater geochemistry evolution and geogenic contaminants in the Sulaimani-Warmawa Sub-basin, Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

Mahmmud, Rebar; Šráček, Ondra; Mustafa, Omed; Čejková, Bohuslava; Jačková, Ivana; Vondrovicová, Lenka

doi:10.1007/s10661-022-09933-6

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…It is situated within latitudes 35 • 50 -36 • 30 north and longitudes 45 • 52 -45 • 05 east in the elevation range from 700 m to >2000 m above sea level (a.s.l.). The climate in the study area is semiarid, with a distinct rainy period in winter and a dry period in summer when temperatures reach more than 40 C. The mean annual precipitation in the Sulaimani area is 669 mm, and most pre-precipitation falls in January and February when most of the aquifer recharge occurs [33]. Meanwhile, Meteorological data obtained from the ground meteorological station in Salahaddin district/Erbil Governorate (Pirmam meteorological station) for the period between 1992 and 2012 show that the annual precipitation is about 589 mm in Erbil zone [34].…”

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the samples from the Sulaimani area (Table 3(A)), the correlation coefficients show that the most significant correlations are those between SO 4 , Cl, Ca, and Na against electric conductivity (EC) and pH. Some samples have increased concentrations of Na, Cl, and SO 4 as a consequence of the dissolution of halite and gypsum embedded in carbonates [33]. This may also be reflected by the predominance of sulphate and sodium chloride facies in some groundwater samples [51].…”

Section: Correlation Of As and F With Hydrochemical Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Geogenic Sources of Arsenic and Fluoride in Groundwater: Examples from the Zagros Basin, the Kurdistan Region of Iraq

Mustafa

Mahmmud

Šráček

et al. 2023

Water

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Groundwater is one of the crucial water resources for domestic, agriculture and other purposes in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, which is counted as a semiarid region with seasonal precipitation in winter. The geogenic source of arsenic and fluoride in groundwater has been studied in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, which is a part of the Zagros Basin, using the hydrogeochemical method. The analysis results showed that the concentrations of arsenic and fluoride range from 0.19 to 7.8 µg/L and from 0.01 to 2.1 mg/L, respectively. The hydrogeochemical characteristics of the groundwater in the studied area were connected to the fluoride F− and arsenic As concentrations for understanding their sources and behavior. The hydrogeochemical relations between F and As indicate geogenic sources and relatively simple aquifer conditions. Some samples may indicate the presence of contamination sources in addition to geogenic sources. Considering the WHO guidelines, the concentrations of As in most of the samples do not exceed the WHO limit, but the F in some samples shows a higher concentration than the WHO limit, indicating a serious risk of fluorosis in some spots. Connecting the changes in F concentrations to depth and aquifer types, a higher F concentration is associated with an intergranular aquifer and decreases in a karst aquifer. The speciation of F− and As is controlled by pH and redox conditions. Adsorption, cation exchange, and the dissolution of carbonate minerals with the possible dissolution of fluorite are the most dominant geochemical processes that control the concentrations of As and F− in groundwater. The principal sources of F− and As in the study area seem to be geogenic.

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Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Correlation Of As and F With Hydrochemical Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%