Groundwater recharge using the chloride mass balance method in the Kanye area, in southeast Botswana

Segobaetso, Tshenolo K.; Tafesse, Nata T.; Mapeo, Read Brown Mthanganyika; Laletsang, Kebabonye

doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2022.104534

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Because Cl in the watershed is more stable, is constant over time, and only derives from direct rainfall on wells [42]. CMB was applied by numerous scholars [43][44][45][46]. CMB is estimated from the following equation (Eq.…”

Section: Sampling and Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on the annual mean of precipitation and the average amount of Cl in rainwater and groundwater, CMB estimates the rate of groundwater recharge [46,47]. Groundwater recharge (R) in the research region was 4.04 mm/year and represented 20.6% of the annual Consequently, the rest of the rainwater precipitated in various forms but didn't recharge the groundwater [46].…”

Section: Chloride Mass Balanced (Cmb)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Appraisal of Heavy Metal Content in the Groundwater at W-W El Minya District of Egypt

Asmoay,

Mousa,

Mohamed

2023

Egypt. J. Chem.

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In W-W El Minya district, 33 groundwater samples were collected, analyzed, and rated using various indices to assess water quality. The samples exhibited weakly acidic to faintly alkaline pH levels, excessive mineralization, weak to moderate salinity, and high hardness. The prevailing ions in the samples were Cl, Na, HCO3, and SO4 due to silicate weathering and hydrolysis of evaporite minerals. However, the World Health Organization's (WHO) recommended limits for Ca, Na, and Cl contents were exceeded in some samples. Piper's graph showed that all samples were of the SO4. Na-Cl type. Among heavy metals, Cd was the most prevalent, with 36% of samples exceeding the WHO safe level and 18% exceeding Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) permissible values. The Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI) indicated that 48% of samples were suitable for drinking, while the Heavy Metal Evaluation Index (HEI) showed negligible levels of heavy metal pollution. The health risk assessment revealed non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic effects of Cd in the contaminated water. The Corrosion Ratio (CR) index suggested that metallic pipes could contaminate water with heavy metals over time. The Chloride Mass Balance (CMB) approach estimated that groundwater supply in the area was only 20.6% of total precipitation. To prevent adverse effects on residents' health, it is recommended that contaminated water be treated for cadmium pollutants.

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Section: Sampling and Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Chloride Mass Balanced (Cmb)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Appraisal of Heavy Metal Content in the Groundwater at W-W El Minya District of Egypt

Asmoay,

Mousa,

Mohamed

2023

Egypt. J. Chem.

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Derivation of fractured rock hybrid analytical equation for estimation of groundwater inflow into mine pit using major fault trigonometry

Coffie-Anum,

Kuma,

Ewusi

et al. 2024

Hydrological Sciences Journal

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Simulation of Surface and Subsurface Water Quality in Hyper-Arid Environments

et al. 2023

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Forty-eight water samples (30 groundwater and 18 surface water samples) were collected from the study region. Physical and chemical examinations were performed on the water samples to determine the values of various variables. Several graphs, sheets, and statistical measures, including the sodium solubility percentage (SSP), the sodium absorption ratio (SAR), and Piper’s diagram, were used to plot the concentration of the principal ions and the chloride mass balance (CMP). The contents of the variables were compared with the contents in other local areas and the standard allowable safe limits as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Water pH values were neutral for all water samples. Electric conductivity (EC) readings revealed that water samples vacillated from slightly mineralized to excessively mineralized. Water salinities were fresh and very fresh according to the total dissolved solids (TDS) amounts. The hardness of water ranged from medium to hard in the surface water and from medium to very hard in the groundwater samples. Bicarbonate, sodium, and calcium made up the highest amounts in the surface water samples. The highest concentrations of bicarbonate, sulfate, chloride, and sodium were found in the groundwater. Diagrams show the major ion relationships as well as the type and origin of the water. According to Piper’s plots, most of the water samples under investigation were Ca-HCO3 type, Mg water types, followed by SO4.Ca-Cl water types. This highlighted the elemental preponderance of bicarbonate and alkaline earth (Ca2+ + Mg2+). This dominance is caused by evaporite and carbonate minerals dissolving in water because of anthropogenic activities and interaction processes. The groundwater recharge was estimated to be 0.89–1.6 mm/yr based on Chloride Mass Balance. The examined water samples can also be used for cattle, poultry, and irrigation. Additionally, the groundwater is of poorer quality than the surface water, although both types of water are adequate for various industries, with a range of 14 to 94 percent. With the exception of a few groundwater samples, the tested water samples are suitable for a number of applications.

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Groundwater recharge using the chloride mass balance method in the Kanye area, in southeast Botswana

Cited by 3 publications

References 35 publications

Appraisal of Heavy Metal Content in the Groundwater at W-W El Minya District of Egypt

Appraisal of Heavy Metal Content in the Groundwater at W-W El Minya District of Egypt

Derivation of fractured rock hybrid analytical equation for estimation of groundwater inflow into mine pit using major fault trigonometry

Simulation of Surface and Subsurface Water Quality in Hyper-Arid Environments

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