Growth-enhanced transgenic salmon can be inferior swimmers

Farrell, Anthony P.; Bennett, William G.; Devlin, Robert H.

doi:10.1139/z97-043

Cited by 122 publications

(105 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Perhaps the enhanced role for SR calcium release in the contraction of triploid cardiac muscle reflects the decrease in cellular surface to volume ratio associated with cell enlargement and a concomitant limitation to ICa via L-type Ca 2+ channels. When growth rate is further enhanced using growth hormone (GH) transgenic fish, swimming performance and MO∑max can be either reduced (Farrell et al, 1997;Lee et al, 2003a) or no different (Stevens et al, 1998;McKenzie et al, 2000). With respect to the potential for cardiac changes in GH transgenic fish, we are only aware of one study.…”

Section: Aquaculturementioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiac plasticity in fishes: environmental influences and intraspecific differences

Gamperl

Farrell

2004

Journal of Experimental Biology

234

176

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With over 20·000 species of teleost fish, considerable interspecific diversity in cardiac anatomy and physiology is expected. This is the outcome of evolutionary adaptation to different habits, modes of life and activity levels. For example, athletic species have a more powerful heart than sedentary species, and fish such as hagfish, carp and eel normally show a much higher degree of myocardial hypoxia tolerance than species such as salmonids (Farrell, 1991;Farrell and Jones, 1992). Plasticity in cardiac form and function has also been demonstrated during ontogeny, and the cardiovascular flexibility exhibited during embryonic and larval development, is nicely reviewed by Pelster (2003). What is less well appreciated, however, is the high degree of intraspecific cardiac plasticity displayed by post-larval fishes. Accordingly, this review explores what is known about intraspecific cardiac plasticity among juvenile and adult fishes. This intraspecific plasticity, like that exhibited during development, may well reflect individual variability on which natural selection could act.In this review, we focus primarily on temperature effects, which are relatively well studied, and on the effects of other environmental and biological factors that modify cardiac anatomy and physiology, including food deprivation, sexual maturation, exercise training and rearing under aquaculture conditions. Further, we summarize recent work on cardiac preconditioning and myocardial hypoxia tolerance in fishes, and discuss the potential implications of this work.Preconditioning is a short-term form of cardiac plasticity that has the potential to protect the heart from insults that might normally lead to cardiac damage, dysfunction or death. Preconditioning has been the focus of several thousand mammalian studies (e.g. see review by Yellon and Downey, 2003), and so the handful of recent studies in fish, which already point to important intraspecific differences, may find application outside the piscine world. Similarly, researchers who wish to stimulate cardiac growth to replace damaged myocardial tissue in mammals, may be heartened to discover that fish cardiac tissue, unlike the mammalian heart, does not lose its ability for hyperplastic growth with age. In fact, we suspect that the high degree of intraspecific plasticity that we Fish cardiac physiology and anatomy show a multiplicity of intraspecific modifications when exposed to prolonged changes in environmentally relevant parameters such as temperature, hypoxia and food availability, and when meeting the increased demands associated with training/increased activity and sexual maturation. Further, there is evidence that rearing fish under intensive aquaculture conditions significantly alters some, but not all, aspects of cardiac anatomy and physiology. This review focuses on the responses of cardiac physiology and anatomy to these challenges, highlighting where applicable, the importance of hyperplastic (i.e. the production of new cells) vs hypertrophic (the enlargement of existing cells...

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Section: Aquaculturementioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiac plasticity in fishes: environmental influences and intraspecific differences

Gamperl

Farrell

2004

Journal of Experimental Biology

234

176

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“…Swordtail fish (Xiphophorus helleri) that had low food availability early in life, and hence reduced growth, subsequently had increased growth when given more resources; however, that compensatory growth resulted in their inability to improve performance with aerobic training (Royle et al, 2006). Transgenic coho salmon that grow twice as fast in length as control fish have critical swimming speeds that are half those of control fish of similar size (Farrell et al, 1997). Similarly, compensatory growth in zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) did not immediately decrease flight performance, but instead resulted in a greater decline in flight performance after the reproductive period (Criscuolo et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise training reveals trade-offs among endurance performance and immune function, but not growth, in juvenile lizards

Husak

Roy

Lovern

2017

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Acquired energetic resources allocated to a particular trait cannot then be re-allocated to a different trait. This often results in a trade-off between survival and reproduction for the adults of many species, but such a trade-off may be manifested differently in juveniles not yet capable of reproduction. Whereas adults may allocate resources to current and/or future reproduction, juveniles can only allocate to future reproduction. Thus, juveniles should allocate resources toward traits that increase survival and their chances of future reproductive success. We manipulated allocation of resources to performance, via endurance exercise training, to examine trade-offs among endurance capacity, immune function and growth in juvenile green anole lizards. We trained male and female captive anoles on a treadmill for 8 weeks, with increasing intensity, and compared traits with those of untrained individuals. Our results show that training enhanced endurance capacity equally in both sexes, but immune function was suppressed only in females. Training had no effect on growth, but males had higher growth rates than females. Previous work showed that trained adults have enhanced growth, so juvenile growth is either insensitive to stimulation with exercise, or they are already growing at maximal rates. Our results add to a growing body of literature indicating that locomotor performance is an important part of life-history trade-offs that are sex and age specific.

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“…(Martinez et al, 1999;Rahman et al, 1998) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) (Wang et al, 2001;Zhong et al, 2012). During recent years, it has become clear that elevated growth hormone (GH) levels in transgenic fish induce a wide range of effects apart from growth promotion (Devlin et al, 1994;Du et al, 1992;Martinez et al, 1996;Nam et al, 2001;Rahman et al, 1998;Wang et al, 2001;Zhong et al, 2012), including altered metabolism (Guan et al, 2008;McKenzie et al, 2003;Stevens et al, 1998), swimming performance (Farrell et al, 1997;Lee et al, 2003;Stevens et al, 1998), anti-predator behavior (Abrahams and Sutterlin, 1999;Duan et al, 2010;Dunham et al, 1999) and growth-related neuroendocrine regulation (Raven et al, 2008). In addition, GH treatment resulted in increased food intake and feeding behavior in normal fish (Johnsson and Bjornsson, 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased food intake in growth hormone-transgenic common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) may be mediated by upregulating Agouti-related protein (AgRP)

Zhong

Song

Wang

et al. 2013

General and Comparative Endocrinology

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Growth-enhanced transgenic salmon can be inferior swimmers

Cited by 122 publications

References 22 publications

Cardiac plasticity in fishes: environmental influences and intraspecific differences

Cardiac plasticity in fishes: environmental influences and intraspecific differences

Exercise training reveals trade-offs among endurance performance and immune function, but not growth, in juvenile lizards

Increased food intake in growth hormone-transgenic common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) may be mediated by upregulating Agouti-related protein (AgRP)

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