Growth of the adult goldfish eye—I: Optics

Easter, Stephen S.; Johns, Pamela Raymond; Baumann, Lukas

doi:10.1016/0042-6989(77)90041-4

Cited by 113 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…We have examined the physiological optics of this unusual eye. Earlier studies had established that the common goldfish's eye is approximately hemispheric and smmetropic (Easter et al, 1977). Here, we report that the Black Moor's eye is aspheric and extremely myopic.…”

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confidence: 50%

The myopic eye of the black moor goldfish

Easter

Hitchcock

1986

Vision Research

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confidence: 50%

The myopic eye of the black moor goldfish

Easter

Hitchcock

1986

Vision Research

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“…The first step in our derivation of the relationship between the RGC dendritic arbor area a and the area of the retina A is to find an equation that relates these two quantities. As the fish eye grows, the same visual world is imaged on a larger retina (6,8). This means that the spatial resolution, determined by the Nyquist sampling theorem (17), is proportional to ͌ N, where N is the number of pixels.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because the same visual world is imaged on a larger retina containing more RGCs (6), the resolution of the visual system also increases with growth (7). The retina therefore presents a neural circuit with a scalable architecture (one in which performance is increased by simply making the circuit larger) and offers the possibility of studying the design principles underlying this scalability because fish retinas are available over a large range of sizes.…”

Section: Ganglion Cells ͉ Optimalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To measure the retina area, we used the frozen sections of freshly obtained eyes of various sizes and photographed the block face during sectioning (6). The retina area was estimated by finding the surface of revolution of the retina length exposed by a section through the optical axis of the eye.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…͌ aA Ϫ1/4 , which in turn means that the relationship between a and A is a ϰ A 5͞8 ϭ A 0.625 [6] for RGCs whose input noise is dominated by cones rather than by the circuits processing cone input. Thus, we have two versions of the third strategy that predict an exponent of 4/8 or 5/8, depending whether the inner nuclear circuitry or the cone signal dominates the noise in the intensity signal from the cones.…”

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confidence: 99%

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General design principle for scalable neural circuits in a vertebrate retina

Lee

Stevens

2007

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Unlike mammals, fish continue to grow throughout their lives, to increase the size of their eyes and brain, and to add new neurons to both. As a result of visual system growth, the ability to detect small objects increases with the age and size of the fish. In addition to the birth of new retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), existing cells increase the size of their dendritic arbors with retinal growth. We have used this system to learn design principles a vertebrate retina uses to construct its neural circuits, and find that the size of RGC arbors changes with retina and eye size according to a power law with an exponent close to 1/2. This power law is expected if the retina uses a strategy that, independent of eye size, simultaneously optimizes both the accuracy with which each RGC represents light intensity and the image spatial resolution provided to the fish's brain.ganglion cells ͉ optimality A s fish grow and their eyes become larger, the area of the retina increases, new retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are added, and the RGCs that are already present increase the size of their dendritic arbors (1-5). Because the same visual world is imaged on a larger retina containing more RGCs (6), the resolution of the visual system also increases with growth (7). The retina therefore presents a neural circuit with a scalable architecture (one in which performance is increased by simply making the circuit larger) and offers the possibility of studying the design principles underlying this scalability because fish retinas are available over a large range of sizes. Our goal is to discover design principles governing the size RGC dendritic arbors.The size of RGC dendritic arbors determines two important functional properties of the eye. First, because of way the eye's imaging system and retinal circuits are organized, the retinal area covered by an RGC dendritic arbor determines what region of the image is sampled by the RGC and thus its ''pixel'' size; the smaller this pixel size, the greater the resolution of information provided to the brain about spatial properties of the image. Second, a dendritic arbor collects information about the light intensity in the RGC's patch of the visual world, and, because neural signals are noisy, the accuracy with which this intensity information is represented by the RGC depends on the extent of averaging and thus also on the pixel size: larger arbors average over a larger amount of the retinal area and thus provide the brain with more accurate intensity information. These two properties of the eye (spatial resolution and accuracy in the representation of intensity) therefore depend in opposite ways on the RGC dendritic arbor size and present the retina with a problem in how to optimize the information about the image passed on to the brain.One can imagine three distinct design principles for scalable retinal circuits that RGCs could use to deal with these conflicting demands in retinas of different sizes. The first principle is for evolution to find a RGC dendritic size that represents light...

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Insulin-related growth factors stimulate proliferation of retinal progenitors in the goldfish

Boucher

Hitchcock

1998

J. Comp. Neurol.

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The retina of the adult goldfish grows throughout the life of the animal, in part, by the continual addition of new neurons. Further, destruction of extant neurons in this tissue stimulates neuronal regeneration. In an attempt to identify growth factors that regulate both normal and injury-stimulated neurogenesis, we used organ culture techniques and tested nine peptide growth factors for their ability to modulate cell proliferation in both normal retinas and retinas with lesions. Of the growth factors tested, only the insulin-related peptides (insulin and insulin-like growth factors I and II) consistently stimulated proliferation, and this was restricted to the retinal progenitors within the circumferential germinal zone. None of the growth factors tested stimulated proliferation of rod precursors (cells in the mature retina whose progeny are exclusively rod photoreceptors) or the injury-stimulated retinal progenitors. Although the negative data are subject to multiple interpretations, these data suggest that in the retina of the adult goldfish, insulin-related peptides regulate proliferation of retinal progenitors within the circumferential germinal zone, but molecules that modulate the proliferation of the rod precursors or injury-induced retinal progenitors in the retina of the adult goldfish have yet to be identified.

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Growth of the adult goldfish eye—I: Optics

Cited by 113 publications

References 12 publications

The myopic eye of the black moor goldfish

The myopic eye of the black moor goldfish

General design principle for scalable neural circuits in a vertebrate retina

Insulin-related growth factors stimulate proliferation of retinal progenitors in the goldfish

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