Guidance document on the impact of water treatment processes on residues of active substances or their metabolites in water abstracted for the production of drinking water

,; Hofman‐Caris, Roberta; Dingemans, Milou; Reus, Astrid; Shaikh, Sanah Majid; Muñoz Sierra, Julian; Karges, Ursula; Beek, Tim aus der; Nogueiro, Eugénia; Lythgo, Christopher; Parra Morte, Juan Manuel; Bastaki, Maria; Serafimova, Rositsa; Friel, Anja; Court Marques, Daniele; Uphoff, Andreas; Bielska, Lucie; Putzu, Claudio; Ruggeri, Laura; Papadaki, Paschalina

doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8194

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 201 publications

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“…Even in these cases, TPs may be missed or excluded. Under REACH, registrants are required to carry out a PBT/vPvB (persistent, bioaccumulative, toxic, very persistent, and very bioaccumulative) assessment for all substances manufactured or imported above 10 tonnes per year, unless exemptions apply . If the substance is found to be readily or inherently biodegradable, it is assumed not to form any TPs relevant for a PBT/vPvB assessment .…”

Section: A Regulatory Challenge?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Under REACH, registrants are required to carry out a PBT/vPvB (persistent, bioaccumulative, toxic, very persistent, and very bioaccumulative) assessment for all substances manufactured or imported above 10 tonnes per year, unless exemptions apply. 53 If the substance is found to be readily or inherently biodegradable, it is assumed not to form any TPs relevant for a PBT/vPvB assessment. 53 Ready biodegradability tests like OECD 301 can be passed based on, for example, 70% removal of dissolved organic carbon, or 60% of theoretical oxygen demand or CO 2 production after 28 days 54 to account for the test substances’ carbon being partially integrated into the biomass instead of mineralized.…”

Section: A Regulatory Challenge?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 53 If the substance is found to be readily or inherently biodegradable, it is assumed not to form any TPs relevant for a PBT/vPvB assessment. 53 Ready biodegradability tests like OECD 301 can be passed based on, for example, 70% removal of dissolved organic carbon, or 60% of theoretical oxygen demand or CO 2 production after 28 days 54 to account for the test substances’ carbon being partially integrated into the biomass instead of mineralized. Consequently, low-carbon TPs such as TFA and 1,2,4-triazole may remain unrecognized in such tests even if formed in equimolar amounts ( Figure 1 b).…”

Section: A Regulatory Challenge?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In such a case, transformation during oxidative water treatment and during a product life cycle seem most relevant for consideration. While the first will be realized for pesticides during drinking water production according to a new guidance document released by EFSA and ECHA, 75 the latter has been shown to be relevant by the formation of the TP 6-PPDQ in tires. 4 Such an extension may happen stepwise, first focusing on chemicals with known persistent or toxic moieties, and may be more broadly adopted if it proves to be a valuable addition to environmental protection.…”

Section: A Way Forwardmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Should Transformation Products Change the Way We Manage Chemicals?

Zahn,

Arp,

Fenner

et al. 2024

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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When chemical pollutants enter the environment, they can undergo diverse transformation processes, forming a wide range of transformation products (TPs), some of them benign and others more harmful than their precursors. To date, the majority of TPs remain largely unrecognized and unregulated, particularly as TPs are generally not part of routine chemical risk or hazard assessment. Since many TPs formed from oxidative processes are more polar than their precursors, they may be especially relevant in the context of persistent, mobile, and toxic (PMT) and very persistent and very mobile (vPvM) substances, which are two new hazard classes that have recently been established on a European level. We highlight herein that as a result, TPs deserve more attention in research, chemicals regulation, and chemicals management. This perspective summarizes the main challenges preventing a better integration of TPs in these areas: (1) the lack of reliable high-throughput TP identification methods, (2) uncertainties in TP prediction, (3) inadequately considered TP formation during (advanced) water treatment, and (4) insufficient integration and harmonization of TPs in most regulatory frameworks. A way forward to tackle these challenges and integrate TPs into chemical management is proposed.

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Section: A Regulatory Challenge?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Regulatory Challenge?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Regulatory Challenge?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Way Forwardmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Should Transformation Products Change the Way We Manage Chemicals?

Zahn,

Arp,

Fenner

et al. 2024

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…Another source of human exposure is drinking water mainly through surface water and/or groundwater extracted for the production of drinking water. Pesticide transformation products after water treatment will be assessed in the EU following the ECHA/ EFSA guidance on water treatment (ECHA/EFSA et al, 2023). The toxicological profile of metabolites of pesticides occurring in groundwater are assessed in the EU following the EC guidance on the relevance of groundwater metabolites (EC, 2003;EC, 2021).…”

Section: Metabolites Of Pesticides In the Environment Food/water And ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolites in the regulatory risk assessment of pesticides in the EU

Pelkonen,

Abass,

Parra Morte

et al. 2023

Front. Toxicol.

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A large majority of chemicals is converted into metabolites through xenobiotic-metabolising enzymes. Metabolites may present a spectrum of characteristics varying from similar to vastly different compared with the parent compound in terms of both toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics. In the pesticide arena, the role of metabolism and metabolites is increasingly recognised as a significant factor particularly for the design and interpretation of mammalian toxicological studies and in the toxicity assessment of pesticide/metabolite-associated issues for hazard characterization and risk assessment purposes, including the role of metabolites as parts in various residues in ecotoxicological adversities. This is of particular relevance to pesticide metabolites that are unique to humans in comparison with metabolites found in in vitro or in vivo animal studies, but also to disproportionate metabolites (quantitative differences) between humans and mammalian species. Presence of unique or disproportionate metabolites may underlie potential toxicological concerns. This review aims to present the current state-of-the-art of comparative metabolism and metabolites in pesticide research for hazard and risk assessment, including One Health perspectives, and future research needs based on the experiences gained at the European Food Safety Authority.

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