Hallmarks of peripheral nerve function in bone regeneration

Abstract

Skeletal tissue is highly innervated. Although different types of nerves have been recently identified in the bone, the crosstalk between bone and nerves remains unclear. In this review, we outline the role of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) in bone regeneration following injury. We first introduce the conserved role of nerves in tissue regeneration in species ranging from amphibians to mammals. We then present the distribution of the PNS in the skeletal system under physiological conditions, fractures, or regeneration. Furthermore, we summarize the ways in which the PNS communicates with bone-lineage cells, the vasculature, and immune cells in the bone microenvironment. Based on this comprehensive and timely review, we conclude that the PNS regulates bone regeneration through neuropeptides or neurotransmitters and cells in the peripheral nerves. An in-depth understanding of the roles of peripheral nerves in bone regeneration will inform the development of new strategies based on bone-nerve crosstalk in promoting bone repair and regeneration.

Dynamical Integration of Antimicrobial, Anti‐Inflammatory, and Pro‐Osteogenic Activities on Polyetheretherketone via a Porous N‐Halamine Polymeric Coating

“…MSCs are a kind of osteogenic precursor cells, which are often used to determine the in vitro pro‐osteogenic effect through alizarin red staining. [ 38 ] In order to test the pro‐osteogenic effect after the antibacterial process, half or total of Cl + in sp‐PEEK‐NCl is consumed to obtain sp‐PEEK‐NCl(H) or sp‐PEEK‐NH, respectively. Figure 4c shows that both sp‐PEEK and sp‐PEEK‐NCl form more intensive mineralized nodules than PEEK, indicating that surface porous structure facilitates osteogenic process.…”

Hmga1‐overexpressing lentivirus protects against osteoporosis by activating the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway in the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs

“…Bone remodeling and bone metabolism involve a variety of cells, including osteoblasts and osteoclasts. [35][36][37][38] Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway participates in the regulation of osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, bone formation, and bone metabolism. 39,40 Activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway prevents βcatenin phosphorylation, resulting in the accumulation of βcatenin in the cytoplasm and its translocation into the nucleus where it binds to T-cell factor (TCF)/lymphoid enhancer factor (LEF) to activate transcription of target genes involved in bone formation.…”

“…Bone remodeling and bone metabolism involve a variety of cells, including osteoblasts and osteoclasts 35–38 . Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway participates in the regulation of osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, bone formation, and bone metabolism 39,40 .…”

Lithium-Doped Titanium Dioxide-Based Multilayer Hierarchical Structure for Accelerating Nerve-Induced Bone Regeneration

“…This supply provides trophic support to bone cells, regulates blood flow, and modulates the inflammatory response. 5 However, current materials for bone tissue regeneration exhibit only one-sided functionality, resulting in a gap in nerve-induced osteogenesis. Moreover, in clinical settings, there is a growing demand for multifunctional materials that can promote both osteogenesis and angiogenesis while supporting nerve growth.…”