Hallucinations produced by sensory conditioning.

Ellson, Douglas G.

doi:10.1037/h0054167

Cited by 94 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The present study has replicated the work of Ellson [1941aEllson [ , 1941b, who produced 'hallucinations' by sen sory conditioning without the use of drugs in normal peo ple. Ellson [1941aEllson [ .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…Ellson [1941aEllson [ . 1941b found that hallucinations by sensory conditioning occurred if the onset and termina tion of the unconditioned stimulus was gradual.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1973] which were usually visual, but auditory, tactile, olfactory and gusta tory hallucinations have been reported [Abood and Biel, 1962], The visual hallucinations were integrated and ex tremely realistic with familiar objects and laces [Ketchum et al, 1973]. Even informed subjects were convinced by the intensity of the hallucinations, and so they cannot be considered as similar to the pseudo-hallucinations of LSD [Jacobsen, 1968], The present study is based on the work of Ellson [1941aEllson [ . 1941bEllson [ .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Scopolamine and the Sensory Conditioning of Hallucinations

et al. 1985

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By means of a sensory conditioning procedure, auditory ‘hallucinations’ were produced in a set of subjects by pairing a light and a tone. The effect of two doses of scopolamine on the occurrence of these hallucinations was investigated, and the results showed that they were more likely to occur after scopolamine than when subjects had received a placebo. This change was attributed to the impairment of information processing induced by scopolamine.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…Ellson [1941aEllson [ . 1941b found that hallucinations by sensory conditioning occurred if the onset and termina tion of the unconditioned stimulus was gradual.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Scopolamine and the Sensory Conditioning of Hallucinations

et al. 1985

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“…Ellson (1941) is also cited as additional evidence in the literature for the conditioning of sensations. Mowrer (1960b) also reasons that denotative meaning is mediated by images.…”

Section: Affect and Meaningfulnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Affect and Meaningfulness as Variables in Mediate Association

Aagard

Stone

1972

Psychol Rep

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Affect and meaningfulness in verbal mediation were studied. The design of the study included Phase I, which varied the affect levels (high and low) while holding meaningfulness constant at a medium level, and Phase II, which varied both the affect level (high and low) of the mediators and the level of meaningfulness (high and low) of the non-mediators. Results showed that high-affect mediators produced superior mediation and that an affect by meaningfulness interaction occurred. High affect was more potent than high meaningfulness in producing superior mediation.

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“…Aside from Skinner's own interest in private events, there exists a compilation of studies in this area by McGuigan (1966) and a recently edited volume by Jacobs and Sachs (1971), which focussed on a variety of private events that are susceptible to experimental analysis. Experiments in this area have shown that one can condition images, hallucinations, or whatever name one gives them (e.g., Ellson, 1941;Leuba, 1940;Leuba and Dunlap, 1951;Hefferline and Perera, 1963). In the last-cited study, the subject reported the existence of two tones when one was produced by conditioning and the other was presented a fraction of a second later.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%