Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder and Risk of Suicide

Brodrick, Joy E.; Mitchell, B. Greg

doi:10.1177/0897190014566314

Cited by 18 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The use of cannabis has been associated with the development of perceptual distortions in seven patients [ 29 , 46 , 48 , 49 , 61 ]. In one case, it was associated with 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and in another case with PCP [ 48 , 49 ]. In two patients, visual distortion followed the consumption of synthetic cannabinoids [ 61 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder: Etiology, Clinical Features, and Therapeutic Perspectives

et al. 2018

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Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD) is a rare, and therefore, poorly understood condition linked to hallucinogenic drugs consumption. The prevalence of this disorder is low; the condition is more often diagnosed in individuals with a history of previous psychological issues or substance misuse, but it can arise in anyone, even after a single exposure to triggering drugs. The aims of the present study are to review all the original studies about HPPD in order to evaluate the following: (1) the possible suggested etiologies; (2) the possible hallucinogens involved in HPPD induction; (3) the clinical features of both HPPD I and II; (4) the possible psychiatric comorbidities; and (5) the available and potential therapeutic strategies. We searched PubMed to identify original studies about psychedelics and Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD). Our research yielded a total of 45 papers, which have been analyzed and tabled to provide readers with the most updated and comprehensive literature review about the clinical features and treatment options for HPPD.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder: Etiology, Clinical Features, and Therapeutic Perspectives

et al. 2018

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“…A case report described an HPPD patient with a history of bipolar disorder, a previous consumption of LSD, cannabis, cocaine, and phencyclidine (PCP) ( 30 ). The patient, even though treated with lamotrigine, citalopram, and mirtazapine, committed suicide, after the hospitalization ( 31 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, the pharmacotherapy of HPPD may be different from study to study, as only few studies have been published so far and any recommendations are based almost entirely on non-controlled studies of small patient populations or single case reports ( 3 , 18 – 31 ). Risperidone is a highly potent antagonist of both postsynaptic 5-HT 2 and dopamine D 2 receptors ( 62 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The “Endless Trip” among the NPS Users: Psychopathology and Psychopharmacology in the Hallucinogen-Persisting Perception Disorder. A Systematic Review

et al. 2017

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Hallucinogen-persisting perception disorder (HPPD) is a syndrome characterized by prolonged or reoccurring perceptual symptoms, reminiscent of acute hallucinogen effects. HPPD was associated with a broader range of LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)-like substances, cannabis, methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), psilocybin, mescaline, and psychostimulants. The recent emergence of novel psychoactive substances (NPS) posed a critical concern regarding the new onset of psychiatric symptoms/syndromes, including cases of HPPD. Symptomatology mainly comprises visual disorders (i.e., geometric pseudo-hallucinations, haloes, flashes of colors/lights, motion-perception deficits, afterimages, micropsia, more acute awareness of floaters, etc.), even though depressive symptoms and thought disorders may be comorbidly present. Although HPPD was first described in 1954, it was just established as a fully syndrome in 2000, with the revised fourth version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR). HPPD neural substrates, risk factors, and aetiopathogenesys still largely remain unknown and under investigation, and many questions about its pharmacological targets remain unanswered too. A critical mini review on psychopathological bases, etiological hypothesis, and psychopharmacological approaches toward HPPD, including the association with some novel substances, are provided here, by means of a literature search on PubMed/Medline, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases without time restrictions, by using a specific set of keywords. Pharmacological and clinical issues are considered, and practical psychopharmacological recommendations and clinical guidelines are suggested.

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“…13 A hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD) was reported after 10 years of taking LSD with severe psychopathology, war exposer, and previous suicidal behavior. 14 However, a recent systematic review assessing the relationship between psychedelics and suicidality found positive, negative, and mixed findings. 15 Therefore, further evidence is needed to find out the cause and effect association (if any).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%