We consider nonholonomic Chaplygin systems and associate to them a (1,2) tensor field on the shape space, that we term the gyroscopic tensor, and that measures the interplay between the non-integrability of the constraint distribution and the kinetic energy metric. We show how this tensor may be naturally used to derive an almost symplectic description of the reduced dynamics. Moreover, we express sufficient conditions for measure preservation and Hamiltonisation via Chaplygin's reducing multiplier method in terms of the properties of this tensor. The theory is used to give a new proof of the remarkable Hamiltonisation of the multi-dimensional Veselova system obtained by Fedorov and Jovanović in [19,20]. where g denotes the Lie algebra of G and g ⋅ q the tangent space to the G-orbit through q.These systems were first considered by Chaplygin and Hamel around the year 1900, and their geometric features have since been investigated by a number of authors e.g. [1,30,47,36,6,11,19,13,10,27,3,21] and references therein. Their key feature is that the reduced equations of motion may be formulated as an unconstrained, forced mechanical system on the shape space S = Q G. The dimension r of S is termed the number of degrees of freedom and, because of (1.1), it coincides with the rank of the constraint distribution D (in particular, the non-integrability of D implies that r ≥ 2).Our contribution to the subject is to highlight the relevance of a tensor field T defined on S, that we term the gyroscopic tensor, in the structure of the reduced equations of motion and their properties. Moreover, using this tensor, we are able to single out a very special class of systems, that we term φ -simple, which possess an invariant measure and allow a Hamiltonisation, and for which there exist non-trivial examples.
The gyroscopic tensorThe gyroscopic tensor T is introduced in Definition 3.3. It is a (1,2) skew-symmetric tensor field on the shape space S, that to a pair of vector fields Y,Z on S, assigns a third vector field T (Y,Z) on S. The assignment is done in a manner that measures the interplay between the nonintegrability of the noholonomic constraint distribution and the kinetic energy of the system. In particular, in the case of holonomic constraints, where the constraint distribution is integrable, we have T = 0. We mention that there is a close relation between T and the geometric formulation of nonholonomic systems in terms of linear almost Poisson brackets on vector bundles [26,40] (see also [21]).Although the tensor T appears in the previous works of Koiller [36] and Cantrijn et al. [11] (with an alternative definition than the one that we present here), its dynamical relevance had not been fully appreciated until the recent work García-Naranjo [24] where sufficient conditions for Hamiltonisation were given in terms of the coordinate representation of T . This work continues the research started in [24] by providing a coordinate-free definition of the gyroscopic tensor (Definition 3.3), and studying in depth its role in the al...