Hard corona composition and cellular toxicities of the graphene sheets

Synthesis, toxicity, biocompatibility, and biomedical applications of graphene and graphene-related materials

“…The toxic effects of graphene can be influenced by physicochemical properties such as size and distribution, surface charge, surface area, layer number, lateral dimensions, surface chemistry, purity, particulate state, surface functional groups, and shape. 31,146,147 The mechanisms by which GO and rGO nanowalls show toxicity to E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria were demonstrated by Akhavan and Ghaderi 28 and Hu et al 148 They demonstrated that both GO and rGO are effective as antibacterial agents. Subsequently, many research laboratories have investigated the potential toxicity of GO and rGO against several bacterial species.…”

Comparative study of serum protein binding to three different carbon-based nanomaterials

“…9). In comparison to CB or MWCNT, more complement components and blood coagulation proteins were identified in the GO corona ( [17,18,46,65,66]. This fact is beneficial when NM are used as scaffolds, but can also be disadvantageous when NM are introduced into the body and come in contact with different biological media.…”

Effect of the protein corona on nanoparticles for modulating cytotoxicity and immunotoxicity

“…44,45 Graphene is a material composed of either a single layer or several layers of sp2-bonded carbons that has unique and highly attractive electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties. 41,46,47 Despite these unique properties, the use of graphene and its derivatives (eg, graphene oxide [GO]) has raised considerable concerns about human and environmental health. Recently, the immunotoxicity of hard corona composition on GO was analyzed.…”

“…Recently, the immunotoxicity of hard corona composition on GO was analyzed. 47 Long-term exposure to GO in plasma conditions (sufficient time to generate hard corona on NP) decreased reactive oxygen species production and reduced the cytotoxicity of GO. 47 In addition, Hu et al reported a protein corona-mediated reduction of cytotoxicity of GO.…”

“…47 Long-term exposure to GO in plasma conditions (sufficient time to generate hard corona on NP) decreased reactive oxygen species production and reduced the cytotoxicity of GO. 47 In addition, Hu et al reported a protein corona-mediated reduction of cytotoxicity of GO. 16 In their study, the authors performed a systematic investigation of the cellular toxicity of GO nanosheets and identified that GO interactions with FBS or a protein component in cell culture medium resulted in a decrease of cytotoxicity ( Figure 8).…”