Harmony as a convergence attractor that minimizes the energy expenditure and variability in physiological gait and the loss of harmony in cerebellar ataxia

Serrao, Mariano; Chini, Giorgia; Iosa, Marco; Casali, Carlo; Morone, Giovanni; Conte, Carmela; Bini, Fabiano; Marinozzi, Franco; Coppola, Gianluca; Pierelli, Francesco; Draicchio, Francesco; Ranavolo, Alberto

doi:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2017.07.001

Cited by 46 publications

(31 citation statements)

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“…The experience of million of years of evolution between extreme solutions (posture and running) in search for optimal bipedal walking, seems to have achieved the golden compromise between stability and advancement, muscle work and efficiency (Massaad et al, 2007 ). This is confirmed by studies on patients, showing as the golden gait minimizes the energy cost optimizing the transfer between potential and kinetic energy (Serrao et al, 2017 ), and on virtual model of walking, tested in different initial conditions, always converging to the golden ratio as an equilibrium point (Dzelaidini et al, 2014 ). Surprisingly, even chimpanzee during bipedal walking showed a proportion between stance and stride that is about 0.65 (Demes et al, 2015 ), so that the inverse proportion is close to the golden ratio.…”

Section: Future Directions: From Hominids To Humanoid Walking Passinmentioning

confidence: 69%

“…It has been hypothesized that a neural network formed by cerebellum, globus pallidum and central pattern generators of spinal cord is the generator of the golden ratio harmonic rhythm of walking (Iosa et al, 2016d ). This hypothesis can be supported by clinical data showing as the golden ratio based rhythm is altered in patients with cerebellar ataxia (Serrao et al, 2017 ) and Parkinson’s Disease (Iosa et al, 2016d ), but not directly in presence of a damage of cortical areas due to stroke (Iosa et al, 2016a ).…”

Section: Current Advances In Human Walking: the Golden Gaitmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…It is well known that patients with neurological impairments have an alteration of the percentage duration of stance and swing (Perry, 1992 ), but only recently this alteration was put in relationship to a deviation from the golden ratio (Iosa et al, 2016a , d ; Serrao et al, 2017 ).…”

Section: Future Directions: From Hominids To Humanoid Walking Passinmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Golden Gait: An Optimization Theory Perspective on Human and Humanoid Walking

2017

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Human walking is a complex task which includes hundreds of muscles, bones and joints working together to deliver harmonic movements with the need of finding equilibrium between moving forward and maintaining stability. Many different computational approaches have been used to explain human walking mechanisms, from pendular model to fractal approaches. A new perspective can be gained from using the principles developed in the field of Optimization theory and in particularly the branch of Game Theory. In particular we provide a new insight into human walking showing as the trade-off between advancement and equilibrium managed during walking has the same solution of the Ultimatum game, one of the most famous paradigms of game theory, and this solution is the golden ratio. The golden ratio is an irrational number that was found in many biological and natural systems self-organized in a harmonic, asymmetric, and fractal structure. Recently, the golden ratio has also been found as the equilibrium point between two players involved into the Ultimatum Game. It has been suggested that this result can be due to the fact that the golden ratio is perceived as the fairest asymmetric solution by the two players. The golden ratio is also the most common proportion between stance and swing phase of human walking. This approach may explain the importance of harmony in human walking, and provide new perspectives for developing quantitative assessment of human walking, efficient humanoid robotic walkers, and effective neurorobots for rehabilitation.

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Section: Future Directions: From Hominids To Humanoid Walking Passinmentioning

confidence: 69%

Section: Current Advances In Human Walking: the Golden Gaitmentioning

confidence: 87%

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Golden Gait: An Optimization Theory Perspective on Human and Humanoid Walking

2017

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“…This finding is supported by the fact that overlapped areas of the basal ganglia and cerebellum are major subcortical structures that cooperate to control the cognitive and motor functions as well as walking (Holtzer et al, 2014;Kikkert et al, 2016). Furthermore, Iosa et al (2013) and Serrao et al (2017) emphasized that the golden ratio (60-62% of stance phase vs. 40-38% of swing phase) between the duration of the stance and swing phases of a gait cycle, which is the gait harmony. In particular, the loss of gait harmony could be disrupted in response to the damage in the cerebellum or basal ganglia (Serrao et al, 2017).…”

Section: Age-specific Association Between Gait Domains and Global Cogmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Furthermore, Iosa et al (2013) and Serrao et al (2017) emphasized that the golden ratio (60-62% of stance phase vs. 40-38% of swing phase) between the duration of the stance and swing phases of a gait cycle, which is the gait harmony. In particular, the loss of gait harmony could be disrupted in response to the damage in the cerebellum or basal ganglia (Serrao et al, 2017). In addition, gait stability is highly dependent on the ratio between the duration of the stance and swing phases because it could alter the gait variability.…”

Section: Age-specific Association Between Gait Domains and Global Cogmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-specific differences in gait domains and global cognitive function in older women: gait characteristics based on gait speed modification

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et al. 2020

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Background Several studies have reported the association between gait and global cognitive function; however, there is no study explaining the age-specific gait characteristics of older women and association between those characteristics and global cognitive function by age-specific differences and gait speed modification. The aim of this study was to examine age-specific differences in gait characteristics and global cognitive function in older women as well as identify gait domains strongly associated with global cognitive function in older women based on gait speed modification. Methods One hundred sixty-four female participants aged 65–85 years were examined. Participants were assessed for global cognitive function through the mini-mental state examination. They also performed three trials of the overground walking test along a straight 20 m walkway. Inertial measurement unit sensors with shoe-type data loggers on both the left and right outsoles were used to measure gait characteristics. Results The pace at all speeds and the variability and phase at faster speeds were altered in women aged >75 years (all pace domain parameters, p < 0.05); variability and phase highly depended on age (all p < 0.05). Variability at slower speeds (β = −0.568 and p = 0.006) and the phase at the preferred (β = −0.471 and p = 0.005) and faster speeds (β = −0.494 and p = 0.005) were associated with global cognitive function in women aged >75 years. Discussion The variability and phase domains at faster speeds were considered to identify gait changes that accompany aging. In addition, the decreases in global cognitive function are associated with increased variability and phase domains caused by changes in gait speed in older women. Conclusion Our results are considered useful for understanding age-related gait characteristics with global cognitive function in old women.

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Prodromal Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 2 Subjects Have Quantifiable Gait and Postural Sway Deficits

et al. 2020

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Background The search for valid preclinical biomarkers of cerebellar dysfunction is a key research goal for the upcoming era of early interventional approaches in spinocerebellar ataxias. This study aims to describe novel preclinical biomarkers of subtle gait and postural sway abnormalities in prodromal spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (pre‐SCA2). Methods Thirty pre‐SCA2 patients and their matched healthy controls underwent quantitative assessments of gait and postural sway using a wearable sensor‐based system and semiquantitative evaluation of cerebellar features by SARA (Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia) score. Results Quantitative analysis of natural gait showed a significantly larger variability of the swing period, toe‐off angle and toe‐out angle in pre‐SCA2, and larger mean coronal and transverse ranges of motion of the trunk at the lumbar location and of the sagittal range of motion of the trunk at the sternum location compared to controls. During tandem gait, pre‐SCA2 subjects showed larger lumbar, trunk, and arm ranges of motion than controls. Postural sway analysis showed excessive body oscillation that was increased in tandem stance. Overall, these abnormalities were detected in pre‐SCA2 patients without clinical evidence of abnormalities in SARA. The toe‐off angle and swing time variability were significantly correlated with the time to ataxia onset, whereas the toe‐off angle and transverse range of motion at trunk position during tandem gait were significantly associated with the SARA score. Conclusions This study demonstrates early alteration of gait and postural sway control in prodromal SCA2 using a wearable sensor‐based system. This offers new pathophysiological hints into this early disease stage and provides novel potential biomarkers for future clinical trials. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society

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Harmony as a convergence attractor that minimizes the energy expenditure and variability in physiological gait and the loss of harmony in cerebellar ataxia

Cited by 46 publications

References 69 publications

Golden Gait: An Optimization Theory Perspective on Human and Humanoid Walking

Golden Gait: An Optimization Theory Perspective on Human and Humanoid Walking

Age-specific differences in gait domains and global cognitive function in older women: gait characteristics based on gait speed modification

Prodromal Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 2 Subjects Have Quantifiable Gait and Postural Sway Deficits

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