HARPS: a new high-resolution spectrograph for the search of extrasolar planets

Pepe, F.; Mayor, M.; Délabre, Bernard; Kohler, D.; Lacroix, Daniel; Queloz, D.; Udry, S.; Benz, W.; Bertaux, Jean-Loup; Sivan, J. P.

doi:10.1117/12.395516

Cited by 105 publications

(47 citation statements)

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“…Such a mode is used in a number of spectrographs, most successfully in HARPS (Pepe et al 2000). This allows to trace temporal variations in the spectrograph during target exposure, except due to guiding errors or any other factors specific to the target itself and the behavior of the calibration fibers.…”

Section: Fabry-pérot Wavelength Calibration Unitmentioning

confidence: 99%

PEPSI: The high‐resolution échelle spectrograph and polarimeter for the Large Binocular Telescope

et al. 2015

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PEPSI is the bench-mounted, two-arm, fibre-fed and stabilized Potsdam Echelle Polarimetric and Spectroscopic Instrument for the 2×8.4 m Large Binocular Telescope (LBT). Three spectral resolutions of either 43 000, 120 000 or 270 000 can cover the entire optical/red wavelength range from 383 to 907 nm in three exposures. Two 10.3k×10.3k CCDs with 9-μm pixels and peak quantum efficiencies of 94-96 % record a total of 92échelle orders. We introduce a new variant of a wave-guide image slicer with 3, 5, and 7 slices and peak efficiencies between 92-96 %. A total of six cross dispersers cover the six wavelength settings of the spectrograph, two of them always simultaneously. These are made of a VPH-grating sandwiched by two prisms. The peak efficiency of the system, including the telescope, is 15 % at 650 nm, and still 11 % and 10 % at 390 nm and 900 nm, respectively. In combination with the 110 m 2 light-collecting capability of the LBT, we expect a limiting magnitude of ≈ 20th mag in V in the low-resolution mode. The R = 120 000 mode can also be used with two, dual-beam Stokes IQUV polarimeters. The 270 000-mode is made possible with the 7-slice image slicer and a 100-μm fibre through a projected sky aperture of 0.74 , comparable to the median seeing of the LBT site. The 43 000-mode with 12-pixel sampling per resolution element is our bad seeing or faint-object mode. Any of the three resolution modes can either be used with sky fibers for simultaneous sky exposures or with light from a stabilized Fabry-Pérotétalon for ultra-precise radial velocities. CCD-image processing is performed with the dedicated data-reduction and analysis package PEPSI-S4S. Its full error propagation through all image-processing steps allows an adaptive selection of parameters by using statistical inferences and robust estimators. A solar feed makes use of PEPSI during day time and a 500-m feed from the 1.8 m VATT can be used when the LBT is busy otherwise. In this paper, we present the basic instrument design, its realization, and its characteristics. Some pre-commissioning first-light spectra shall demonstrate the basic functionality.

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Section: Fabry-pérot Wavelength Calibration Unitmentioning

confidence: 99%

PEPSI: The high‐resolution échelle spectrograph and polarimeter for the Large Binocular Telescope

et al. 2015

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“…In this context, newly or soon available ESO instruments (e.g. UVES/VLT or HARPS/3.6-m [23]) will certainly play an important role.…”

Section: Conclusion and Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extra-Solar Planetary Systems in the VLT Era

Mayor

Santos

2002

The Origins of Stars and Planets: The VLT View

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Abstract. Radial Velocity surveys have revealed 63 exoplanets (M sin i < 10 MJup) and 6 multi-planetary systems (status on the 4th of April 2001). Distributions of orbital elements already have been given some constraints on the formation of planetary systems. Derived from recent high resolution spectroscopy studies, the impressive role of the stellar metallicity on the giant planet formation has been revealed. The chemical composition of the molecular cloud is probably the key parameter to form giant planets. However some evidences exist showing the possibility of accretion of matter in the stellar outer convective zone.

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“…White pupil configurations (Baranne et al 1996) have improved the system efficiencies. Use of optical fibers for feeding spectrographs has allowed instrument to be placed in environment stable enclosures away from the telescope (Pepe et al 2000). Image slicers (Raskin et al 2011) and anamorphic pupil slicers (Spano et al 2012) improved the efficiencies for narrow slit widths.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling high resolution Echelle spectrographs for calibrations: Hanle Echelle spectrograph, a case study

Chanumolu

Jones²

2015

Exp Astron

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We present a modelling scheme that predicts the centroids of spectral line features for a high resolution Echelle spectrograph to a high accuracy. Towards this, a computing scheme is used, whereby any astronomical spectrograph can be modelled and controlled without recourse to a ray tracing program. The computations are based on paraxial ray trace and exact corrections added for certain surface types and Buchdahl aberration coefficients for complex modules. The resultant chain of paraxial ray traces and corrections for all relevant components is used to calculate the location of any spectral line on the detector under all normal operating conditions with a high degree of certainty. This will allow a semi-autonomous control using simple in-house, programming modules. The scheme is simple enough to be implemented even in a spreadsheet or in any scripting language. Such a model along with an optimization routine can represent the real time behaviour of the instrument. We present here a case study for Hanle Echelle Spectrograph. We show that our results match well with a popular commercial ray tracing software. The model is further optimized using Thorium Argon calibration lamp exposures taken during the preliminary alignment of the instrument. The model predictions matched the calibration frames at a level of 0.08 pixel. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to show the photon noise effect on the model predictions.

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HARPS: a new high-resolution spectrograph for the search of extrasolar planets

Cited by 105 publications

References 0 publications

PEPSI: The high‐resolution échelle spectrograph and polarimeter for the Large Binocular Telescope

PEPSI: The high‐resolution échelle spectrograph and polarimeter for the Large Binocular Telescope

Extra-Solar Planetary Systems in the VLT Era

Modelling high resolution Echelle spectrographs for calibrations: Hanle Echelle spectrograph, a case study

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