HDL as Therapeutic Tools

Cho, Kyung‐Hyun

doi:10.1007/978-981-13-7383-1_2

Cited by 1 publication

(4 citation statements)

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“…HDL quality is a more diverse and complex concept than HDL quantity. It is defined in the following manner: “HDL morphology, the composition of lipid and protein, and functionality include particle shape and number, glycation and oxidation extent, antioxidant activity, and cholesterol binding and efflux ability” [ 1 , 2 ].…”

Section: Hdl Qualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The composition of apolipoproteins and lipids may influence the quality and functions of HDL. Improved HDL function and quality allows for the generation of more favorable outcomes, with regard to the augmentation of HDL-cholesterol levels, thereby allowing enhancements of the innate therapeutic functions associated with HDL [ 1 ].…”

Section: Hdl Functionalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…HDL quantity is expressed simply as a number alongside an mg/dL or mmol unit. In contrast, HDL quality is reflected by more diverse features of the particle morphology because HDL is a highly complex structure [ 1 ], consisting of many lipids (cholesterol, triglyceride, and phospholipid) and proteins (apolipoproteins and enzymes). HDL quality is related to the morphology of HDL particles, such as the shape, size, and composition of lipids and proteins in the particles.…”

Section: Introduction: What Are Hdl Quantities Qualities and Function...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A previous study reported that native HDL with antioxidant and anti-atherosclerotic activities displayed a potent antiviral activity to suppress the replication of SARS-CoV-2, while glycated HDL lost their antiviral activity [ 10 ]. Accumulated studies reported many aspects of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) in human growth, human disease, and the aging process under different environmental changes, such as dietary patterns and an exposure to pathogens, smoking, and pollutants [ 1 , 2 ].…”

Section: Introduction: What Are Hdl Quantities Qualities and Function...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Current Status of Research on High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL): A Paradigm Shift from HDL Quantity to HDL Quality and HDL Functionality

Cho

2022

IJMS

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The quantity of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) is represented as the serum HDL-C concentration (mg/dL), while the HDL quality manifests as the diverse features of protein and lipid content, extent of oxidation, and extent of glycation. The HDL functionality represents several performance metrics of HDL, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cholesterol efflux activities. The quantity and quality of HDL can change during one’s lifetime, depending on infection, disease, and lifestyle, such as dietary habits, exercise, and smoking. The quantity of HDL can change according to age and gender, such as puberty, middle-aged symptoms, climacteric, and the menopause. HDL-C can decrease during disease states, such as acute infection, chronic inflammation, and autoimmune disease, while it can be increased by regular aerobic exercise and healthy food consumption. Generally, high HDL-C at the normal level is associated with good HDL quality and functionality. Nevertheless, high HDL quantity is not always accompanied by good HDL quality or functionality. The HDL quality concerns the morphology of the HDL, such as particle size, shape, and number. The HDL quality also depends on the composition of the HDL, such as apolipoproteins (apoA-I, apoA-II, apoC-III, serum amyloid A, and α-synuclein), cholesterol, and triglyceride. The HDL quality is also associated with the extent of HDL modification, such as glycation and oxidation, resulting in the multimerization of apoA-I, and the aggregation leads to amyloidogenesis. The HDL quality frequently determines the HDL functionality, which depends on the attached antioxidant enzyme activity, such as the paraoxonase and cholesterol efflux activity. Conventional HDL functionality is regression, the removal of cholesterol from atherosclerotic lesions, and the removal of oxidized species in low-density lipoproteins (LDL). Recently, HDL functionality was reported to expand the removal of β-amyloid plaque and inhibit α-synuclein aggregation in the brain to attenuate Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease, respectively. More recently, HDL functionality has been associated with the susceptibility and recovery ability of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by inhibiting the activity of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The appearance of dysfunctional HDL is frequently associated with many acute infectious diseases and chronic aging-related diseases. An HDL can be a suitable biomarker to diagnose many diseases and their progression by monitoring the changes in its quantity and quality in terms of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory abilities. An HDL can be a protein drug used for the removal of plaque and as a delivery vehicle for non-soluble drugs and genes. A dysfunctional HDL has poor HDL quality, such as a lower apoA-I content, lower antioxidant ability, smaller size, and ambiguous shape. The current review analyzes the recent advances in HDL quantity, quality, and functionality, depending on the health and disease state during one’s lifetime.

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Section: Hdl Qualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hdl Functionalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introduction: What Are Hdl Quantities Qualities and Function...mentioning

confidence: 99%