Health Risks from Lead-Based Ammunition in the Environment

Bellinger, David C.; Burger, Joanna; Cade, Tom J.; Cory‐Slechta, Deborah A.; Finkelstein, Myra E.; Hu, Howard; Kosnett, Michael J.; Landrigan, Philip J.; Lanphear, Bruce P.; Pokras, Mark A.; Redig, Patrick T.; Rideout, Bruce A.; Silbergeld, Ellen K.; Wright, Robert O.; Smith, Donald R.

doi:10.1289/ehp.1306945

Cited by 60 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Because of the tiny diameter of Pb particles, their wide radiation from the bullet path, and bioavailability (47,48), it is almost impossible to absolutely exclude exposure to Pb by consumption of free-living game [especially minced meat, as shown by Meltzer et al (11)] hunted with Pb-bullets (16), even if meat around the wound is discarded. Switching to lead-free ammunition would definitely lower Pb exposure in humans and wildlife (49) and would allow quantification of exclusively environmental Pb in free-living game.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury Exposure Assessment Among Croatian Consumers of Free-Living Game

Lazarus

Crnić²,

Bilandžić

et al. 2014

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology

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Free-living game can be an important source of dietary cadmium and lead; the question is whether exposure to these two elements is such that it might cause adverse health effects in the consumers. The aim of this study was to estimate dietary exposure to cadmium, lead, and mercury from free-living big game (fallow deer, roe deer, red deer, wild boar, and brown bear), and to mercury from small game (pheasant and hare), hunted in Croatia from 1990 to 2012. The exposure assessment was based on available literature data and our own measurements of metal levels in the tissues of the game, by taking into account different consumption frequencies (four times a year, once a month and once a week). Exposure was expressed as percentage of (provisional) tolerable weekly intake [(P)TWI] values set by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Consumption of game meat (0.002-0.5 % PTWI) and liver (0.005-6 % PTWI) assumed for the general population (four times a year) does not pose a health risk to consumers from the general population, nor does monthly (0.02-6 % PTWI) and weekly (0.1-24 % PTWI) consumption of game meat. However, because of the high percentage of free-living game liver and kidney samples exceeding the legislative limits for cadmium (2-99 %) and lead (1-82 %), people should keep the consumption of certain game species' offal as low as possible. Children and pregnant and lactating women should avoid eating game offal altogether. Free-living game liver could be an important source of cadmium if consumed on a monthly basis (3-74 % TWI), and if consumed weekly (11-297 % TWI), it could even give rise to toxicological concern.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury Exposure Assessment Among Croatian Consumers of Free-Living Game

Lazarus

Crnić²,

Bilandžić

et al. 2014

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology

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“…к л ю ч о в і с л о в а: міозин, субфрагмент-1, важкі метали, тіакалікс [4]арен, атРазна активність, докінг, гладенькі м'язи, матка.…”

Section: арен-тетрасульфонат (с-798) у концентрації 100 мкм відновлюєunclassified

“…Матка є органом, здатним накопичувати ці ме тали [3][4][5]. Ni 2+ як біометал, у надлишковій кількості є токсичним для живих організмів і може спричинювати низку патологій.…”

Section: арен-тетрасульфонат (с-798) у концентрації 100 мкм відновлюєunclassified

“…об'єктом наших досліджень був тетрагідрокситіакалікс [4]арентетрасульфонат (сполука С798) (рис. 1, а) у формі тетранатрієвої солі [17].…”

Section: арен-тетрасульфонат (с-798) у концентрації 100 мкм відновлюєunclassified

“…Детальне вивчення будови комплексу третбутилтіакалікс [4]арену з Ni 2+ за допомо гою методів ЯМРспектрометрії та рентгено структурних досліджень (рис. 1в) чітко вказує на те, що атоми сірки беруть безпосередню участь у формуванні комплексу [20].…”

Section: +unclassified

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Protective effect of tiacalix[4]arene-tetrasulphonate on heavy metal inhibition of myometrium myosin subfragment-1 ATP-hydrolase activity

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Population impact to bald eagles by ingested lead in New York State, 1990–2018

Hanley

Them²,

Hynes

et al. 2023

Wildlife Society Bulletin

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While the recent population recovery of bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) in New York State, USA, is a conservation success, evidence from necropsies suggest that ingested lead (Pb) from ammunition fragments is causing morbidity and mortality to wild eagles. Wildlife managers and officials at the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation would benefit from analysis of their necropsy data to understand how documented morbidities or mortalities impact dynamics of the remaining wild eagle population. We integrated necropsy data on bald eagles in New York State collected between 1990 and 2018 by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation into a matrix population model. We compared annual survival of hatchling, non-breeding, and breeding eagles under factual (Pb) and counter factual (Pb-reduced or Pb-free) scenarios. We found no evidence that Pb altered annual survival of hatchlings. Lead was associated with a reduction in the annual survival of nonbreeders by 0-0.056 (females) and 0.052-0.057 (males), and a reduction in the annual survival of breeders by 0.051-0.057 (females) and 0-0.032 (males). Lead was associated with a reduction in the long-term growth rate (λ) by 0.009-0.036 (females) and 0.023-0.035 (males). Due to altered dynamics over the prior 3 decades, abundances of eagles in the most recent year of the study (2018) differed between Pb

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Health Risks from Lead-Based Ammunition in the Environment

Cited by 60 publications

References 20 publications

Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury Exposure Assessment Among Croatian Consumers of Free-Living Game

Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury Exposure Assessment Among Croatian Consumers of Free-Living Game

Protective effect of tiacalix[4]arene-tetrasulphonate on heavy metal inhibition of myometrium myosin subfragment-1 ATP-hydrolase activity

Population impact to bald eagles by ingested lead in New York State, 1990–2018

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