Healthy microbiome: a key to successful and sustainable shrimp aquaculture

Abstract

The microbiome of the host and its surroundings play a vital role in its health and well-being. Unlike the terrestrial organisms that maternally acquire its microbiome, the aquatic species mainly get colonized by the microorganisms in its aquatic surrounding and are exposed to a wide variety of microbial community based on the type of aquatic environment the host inhabits. This review is focused on the aquaculture and shrimp microbiome and factors that influence its microbiome such as prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, diet, stress conditions, frequency and type of antibiotics used, host physiological conditions and developmental stages. This review also casts light on the role of the microbiome in enhancing the shrimp health, immune response, microbial colonization, and the effects of the biofloc system on shrimp and aquaculture microbiome. Moreover, beneficial microbes can be a safer alternative to harmful antibiotics used in aquaculture, which can thereby prevent the emergence of superbugs and also enhance the production rate. A proper understanding of the interactions between the host and its microbiome can help us to modulate and manipulate the aquaculture microbiome to enhance the health of aquatic organisms, which ensures the growth of the aquaculture industry. Therefore, the treatment strategies should be targeted towards the modulation of shrimp and aquaculture microbiome, which acts as beneficial partners to overcome the challenges confronted by the aquaculture sector.

Recent advances in bivalve-microbiota interactions for disease prevention in aquaculture

“…Research on microbiome modulator drugs (prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics) for the health of cultured bivalves should be developed as its value has been demonstrated for other invertebrates such as shrimp [52]. So far, our understanding of bivalve microbiota has focused on its structural aspects, but the large diversity and variability of these microbiota have precluded the identification of probiotic taxa providing protection against disease.…”

“…Several studies on bivalves -and also on other invertebrates and vertebrates -suggest that the gut compartment harbors a more stable microbiota, including symbionts, and could be a good lead for the identification of a potential microbiota profile. Manipulation of the gut microbiome could also improve immunity and health of bivalves as has been done for shrimps [52]. Probiotics interact with the immune system and prevent pathogen colonization in multiple ways [53].…”

Characterization of External Mucosal Microbiomes of Nile Tilapia and Grey Mullet Co-cultured in Semi-Intensive Pond Systems

“…Unlike terrestrial animals, fish shape their microbiome within the highly diverse aquatic environment ( Rajeev et al, 2021 ). Semi-intensive aquaculture systems rely on natural food sources, supplementary feed, and/or pond fertilization; and the maintenance of system water quality is mostly achieved through regular water exchange ( Oddsson, 2020 ).…”

Successional patterns of bacterial communities and their functions in shrimp aquaculture pond water across farming phases

“…The ecology in a shrimp or fish farm pond is complex, and each pond is unique in microbial traits and ecological composition. Vibrio species are ubiquitous in marine environments and instrumental in the recycling of a wide variety of nutrients in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems (Rajeev et al, 2021;Zhu et al, 2016). In addition, phenotypic prediction of bacterial functions is essential to link microbial communities with their ecological functions.…”