Heaping at Round Numbers on Financial Questions: The Role of Satisficing

Gideon, Michael; Helppie-McFall, Brooke; Hsu, Joanne W.

doi:10.18148/srm/2017.v11i2.6782

Survey Research Methods 2017

DOI: 10.18148/srm/2017.v11i2.6782

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Heaping at Round Numbers on Financial Questions: The Role of Satisficing

Michael Gideon

Brooke Helppie-McFall

Joanne W. Hsu

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Cited by 3 publications

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“…In the limit, a continuous response format can be implemented via a visual analog scale (VAS) on which respondents mark any position along a continuous line, limited only by the resolution with which the mark can be made and subsequently read off. This should provide the largest possible precision on the assumption that respondents can actually use this response format consistently and in full, which does not seem to be the case (see, for example, Furukawa et al, 2021 ; Gideon et al, 2017 ; Krosnick, 1991 ; Preston & Colman, 2000 ).…”

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confidence: 99%

Are the Steps on Likert Scales Equidistant? Responses on Visual Analog Scales Allow Estimating Their Distances

García‐Pérez

2023

Educational and Psychological Measurement

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A recurring question regarding Likert items is whether the discrete steps that this response format allows represent constant increments along the underlying continuum. This question appears unsolvable because Likert responses carry no direct information to this effect. Yet, any item administered in Likert format can identically be administered with a continuous response format such as a visual analog scale (VAS) in which respondents mark a position along a continuous line. Then, the operating characteristics of the item would manifest under both VAS and Likert formats, although perhaps differently as captured by the continuous response model (CRM) and the graded response model (GRM) in item response theory. This article shows that CRM and GRM item parameters hold a formal relation that is mediated by the form in which the continuous dimension is partitioned into intervals to render the discrete Likert responses. Then, CRM and GRM characterizations of the items in a test administered with VAS and Likert formats allow estimating the boundaries of the partition that renders Likert responses for each item and, thus, the distance between consecutive steps. The validity of this approach is first documented via simulation studies. Subsequently, the same approach is used on public data from three personality scales with 12, eight, and six items, respectively. The results indicate the expected correspondence between VAS and Likert responses and reveal unequal distances between successive pairs of Likert steps that also vary greatly across items. Implications for the scoring of Likert items are discussed.

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confidence: 99%

Are the Steps on Likert Scales Equidistant? Responses on Visual Analog Scales Allow Estimating Their Distances

García‐Pérez

2023

Educational and Psychological Measurement

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Modeling response granularity with mixture models: A case of severity ratings in child maltreatment

et al. 2021

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Heaping, where responses are concentrated in round numbers, such as 5 or 10, is one of the response behaviors observed in surveys. The heaping phenomenon in subjective quantities may be explained by response granularity, which expresses the uncertainty of subjective quantities. We conducted an exploratory study using mixture models with a response granularity assumption, and used the severity ratings of child maltreatment measured by slider scales with numerical feedback as a case of heaped subjective quantity (14 401 records from 487 respondents).The results of the model comparison showed that it was reasonable to assume a response granularity for severity ratings. We classified the respondents into five groups based on the uncertainty of response granularity because individual differences were observed. This study proposes the usefulness of an approach that utilizes mixture models to examine individual response granularity.

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Clarifying the Relationship Between Political Consumerism and Political Persuasion Over Time

Scheffauer,

Medina,

Gil de Zúñiga

2024

Political Research Quarterly

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Political consumerism has emerged as a popular form of participation among lay citizens. For the most part, research has delved into the main antecedents that explain this type of consumption. However, research has generally neglected to consider political consumerism as an independent variable, and its role influencing and igniting other forms of political behavior. This study theoretically argues that politically motivated consumerism will incite people to generally seek to persuade others of political issues. Using causal order tests and Random Intercept Cross-lagged Panel Structural Equation Models from a two-wave panel survey from the United States, the study shows robust empirical evidence that this is the case.

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Heaping at Round Numbers on Financial Questions: The Role of Satisficing

Cited by 3 publications

References 22 publications

Are the Steps on Likert Scales Equidistant? Responses on Visual Analog Scales Allow Estimating Their Distances

Are the Steps on Likert Scales Equidistant? Responses on Visual Analog Scales Allow Estimating Their Distances

Modeling response granularity with mixture models: A case of severity ratings in child maltreatment

Clarifying the Relationship Between Political Consumerism and Political Persuasion Over Time

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