Heart cutting technique in high resolution gas chromatography applied to sulfur compounds in cigarette smoke

Bertsch, W.; Hsu, F.; Zlatkis, A.

doi:10.1021/ac60370a043

Cited by 24 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…It should be noted that both instrument configurations can be equipped with dual inlets and are usable as two independent single column instruments. Another less frequently used approach to transfer effluent into the second column is by application of vacuum [53]. The systems shown in Figure 5 do not include an intermediate trap and other accessories which add to the complexity of the apparatus.…”

Section: Analysis Time Requirementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography. Concepts, Instrumentation, and Applications - Part 1: Fundamentals, Conventional Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography, Selected Applications

Bertsch

1999

J. High Resol. Chromatogr.

186

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The writer of this review published in 1978 a three‐part article on two‐dimensional gas chromatography in the first three issues of this journal [1]. The review was written at a time when capillary column GC was still in its infancy. Commercial columns were (essentially) unavailable and sample introduction into capillary columns was done exclusively in the split mode. Two‐dimensional separations were explored in only a few laboratories. The limitations of capillary column technology made this exercise rather difficult. The introduction of fused silica capillary columns in the early eighties drastically changed the landscape in which gas chromatography was practiced. It took the chromatographic community just a few years to convert from packed columns to capillary columns. Instrumentation and accessories specifically designed for capillary column use came onto the market. This writer had great hopes that the revolution in capillary column GC would be mirrored in the development of instrumentation for Two‐Dimensional Gas Chromatography. This never materialized. On the contrary, tentative steps taken by a few manufacturers and suppliers of chromatographic equipment fizzled out. It was perhaps the introduction of relatively inexpensive and user friendly GC/MS instrumentation, in combination with nearly indestructible fused silica capillary columns that took away the incentive to develop commercially viable Two‐Dimensional Gas Chromatography. Much of the thinking went like this: why insist on good chromatography if mass spectrometry can do the job without the need for complete separation. Some progress in the further development of conventional Two‐Dimensional Gas Chromatography has certainly been made over the last 20 years but there has not been a great deal of excitement. Applications have also been relatively sparse and they are limited to just a few areas. Science does not remain static and chromatography is no exception. Progress in gas chromatography is driven by new technology and ideas. Substantial improvements in two‐dimensional GC were not forthcoming until Phillips and his research group introduced and implemented an entirely new form of Two‐Dimensional Gas Chromatography, called comprehensive two‐dimensional GC, or GC×GC. This breakthrough occurred only in 1991 [2]. It does take some time before scientists change attitudes and habits. There is always a time lag between the introduction of new technology and its general acceptance. The public's attitude toward comprehensive Two‐Dimensional Gas Chromatography is probably no exception. The number of scientists who are actively pursuing this new branch of gas chromatography is still very small. It is often a single individual who carries the torch. J.B. Phillips' name is synonymous with comprehensive Two‐Dimensional Gas Chromatography. He is not only its inventor and proponent but his fertile mind has initiated research in other related areas. Sadly, he passed away shortly before this review was written. This contribution is dedicated to his memory.

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Section: Analysis Time Requirementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography. Concepts, Instrumentation, and Applications - Part 1: Fundamentals, Conventional Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography, Selected Applications

Bertsch

1999

J. High Resol. Chromatogr.

186

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“…The basic effect of GC-GC can also be achieved by using off-line techniques, where a fraction is collected into a cold trap (4), an adsorbent tube ( S ) , or even another column situated outside the oven (6), and desorbed typically by heating. The most significant disadvantages of the off-line techniques are their poor reproducibility and unsuitability in quantitative analysis (7,8).…”

Section: Development Of Gc-gcmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multidimensional gas chromatography: State of the art

Himberg

Sippola

Riekkola

1989

J Microcolumn Separations

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Abstract. Gas chromatography (GC) is one of the most important techniques of organic analytical chemistry. It is widely used in the analysis of complex samples in environmental and medical applications. In order to reliably identify and quantitate the analyte that often exists at a residual concentration level, the GC system must in many cases have a separation power that cannot be achieved using one column within a reasonable analysis time. An extremely high resolution can be achieved by two-stage GC (multidimensional GC, two-dimensional GC), where the sample flows of two GC columns have been connected on-line by a valve or valve system in such a way that only a selected fraction from the partly separated sample eluting from the first column can be transferred to the second column for further separation. This review describes the development of the technique and discusses areas of its applicability.

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Multidimensional Gas Chromatography

Bertsch

2000

Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry

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Two‐dimensional gas chromatography (2‐D GC) is a logical extension of gas chromatography (GC) carried out on a single column. It provides physical resolution of components which are difficult to analyze by other means. Two different arrangements are possible in 2‐D GC. In the conventional mode, effluent fractions from the primary column are switched onto a secondary column of different polarity. In the comprehensive mode, the entire effluent from the primary column is examined by the secondary column. The major advantage of 2‐D GC is the enhancement of peak capacity. Statistical methods of overlap theories predict severe limitations of the resolution of components in multicomponent mixtures. The problems are exacerbated when components form clusters, such as in the analysis of isomers. The determination of target analytes at trace levels also poses unique challenges. Selective detectors, in particular mass spectrometry (MS), can provide answers when merged components are capable of producing distinctive spectra. MS can compensate for poor chromatographic resolution in many cases but it cannot be applied for the deconvolution of isomers and closely related substances. In this situation, 2‐D GC is the only choice. Instrumentation in conventional 2‐D GC is based on one of two different effluent switching technologies. A valve can be used to divert the effluent from the primary column to a secondary column of different selectivity. In this arrangement, the sample inevitably comes into contact with the metal of the valve body. The other design is based on fluidic switching by application of a difference in pressure in the interface between the columns. This technology, generally referred to as Deans switching, can avoid metals in the sample flow path but it is technically more difficult than valve‐based technologies. Comprehensive 2‐D GC involves a focusing step. The effluent from the primary column is periodically injected into a high speed column in the form of narrow chemical pulses. The separation on the secondary column must be complete (or nearly complete) before the next pulse can be injected. The secondary column is polar, i.e. substances that have similar boiling points but differ in polarity can be resolved in the second dimension. The separations process is continuous and resembles data acquisition in routine gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). One of the true advantages of comprehensive 2‐D GC is that the separations mechanisms on both columns can be decoupled, leading to true orthogonality. Components with similar properties fall into clearly defined data spaces. The chromatograms show a measure of order which is useful in substance identification and group type analysis. Comprehensive 2‐D GC is still in its infancy. There is much room for improvements, including in the data acquisition/display area. Conventional 2‐D GC, however, is mature. Because of the complexity of 2‐D GC instrumentation, selective detection, i.e. GC/MS, is usually preferred where it is applicable. Many applications based on 2‐D GC have been published. The analysis of flavors/fragrances, petrochemicals and persistent organohalogens in the environment by 2‐D GC offers distinctive advantages over competing technologies.

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Heart cutting technique in high resolution gas chromatography applied to sulfur compounds in cigarette smoke

Cited by 24 publications

References 19 publications

Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography. Concepts, Instrumentation, and Applications - Part 1: Fundamentals, Conventional Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography, Selected Applications

Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography. Concepts, Instrumentation, and Applications - Part 1: Fundamentals, Conventional Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography, Selected Applications

Multidimensional gas chromatography: State of the art

Multidimensional Gas Chromatography

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