Heart Rate of Chickens as Influenced by Age and Gonadal Hormones

Ringer, Robert K.; Weiss, Harold S.; Sturkie, Paul D.

doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1957.191.1.145

Cited by 33 publications

(18 citation statements)

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“…While this may have stressed the chicks, the head was free to move and they seemed to be relaxed, closing their eyes from time to time when inspected during preliminary tests. Although the chicks were confined, the HR was determined non-invasively, in contrast with the use of needle electrodes or shaving of plumage as in the ECG recording method (Ringer et al, 1957;Shimada and Koide, 1978). Comparison of the HR found in the present work with that of unrestrained chicks measured in darkness by using electrodes (Shimada and Koide, 1978) seems to indicate no consistent differences, although the variability of HR makes it statistically uncertain.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

“…Comparison of the HR found in the present work with that of unrestrained chicks measured in darkness by using electrodes (Shimada and Koide, 1978) seems to indicate no consistent differences, although the variability of HR makes it statistically uncertain. The HR of chicks, restrained in a supine or prone position, also measured by ECG using needle electrodes (Ringer et al, 1957), increased from 286 bpm on day 1 to 475 bpm on day 7. This increase was much greater than in the present work.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Non‐invasive determination of heart rate in newly hatched chicks

Tazawa

Takami

Kobayashi

et al. 1992

British Poultry Science

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1. Using a flexible piezoelectric probe, we detected non-invasively the cardiogenic precordial movements of domestic fowl chicks and measured heart rate (HR) daily over the first week after hatching (day 0) for comparison with previously measured embryonic HR. 2. HR of the hatchlings was much more variable than embryonic HR. The mean HR at a given age also varied among the 5 chicks measured. 3. The overall mean HR was 280 +/- 20 (SD, n = 5) bpm on day 0. This value was similar to the prepipping HR and lower than that of externally pipped embryos. It increased to 342 +/- 39 bpm 3 days later.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non‐invasive determination of heart rate in newly hatched chicks

Tazawa

Takami

Kobayashi

et al. 1992

British Poultry Science

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“…It could be argued that resting f H increased with fish age and therefore masked an underlying negative scaling exponent for f H . However, this possibility is highly unlikely in the light of current knowledge of the effects of ageing on the vertebrate cardiovascular system, where resting f H has been found to remain constant or decrease with adult age (Ringer et al, 1957;Fleg et al, 1995). Also, the blood variables suggested that ageing was not associated with other significant physiological alterations that might change cardiovascular function (e.g.…”

Section: Critique Of Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of body mass on physiological and anatomical parameters of mature salmon: evidence against a universal heart rate scaling exponent

Farrell

2011

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Clark et al., 2010) and took advantage of the diverse life history of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), the largest of the Pacific salmonids (Groot and Margolis, 1991). After emerging from the egg with a M b of <1g (Kinnison et al., 1998), juvenile Chinook salmon typically remain in freshwater for around 1year prior to commencing an ocean migration to grow and mature. Whereas the majority of individuals spend around 3years in the ocean and return to freshwater spawning grounds as 4year olds, some individuals leave the ocean as 2 or 3year olds (primarily males), or late as 5 or 6year olds. These different intra-specific life history strategies,

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“…In the White Leghorn, heart rate increases from hatching until around 3 weeks before decreasing until maturity (Ringer et al, 1957;Flick, 1967;Tazawa et al, 1992;Olkowski et al, 1997;. It is possible that heart rates that fail to increase in a bird post-hatch are pathological.…”

Section: Electrocardiographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Ascites in poultry: Recent investigations

Currie¹

1999

Avian Pathology

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In recent years, ascites research has centred on gaining an increased understanding of pulmonary hypertension syndrome together with the potential role of primary cardiac pathologies. The impact at a cellular level of factors which trigger ascites and substances that protect against it has also been documented. Primary pulmonary hypertension has been induced when birds are exposed to hypoxia during incubation. The conditions experienced during this phase of development may impact on the ability of the bird to regulate its basal metabolic rate through endocrine signals controlled by thyroid activity. The extent of ventilation in the lung in¯uences the ability of the bird to oxygenate haemoglobin. Ventilation/ perfusion mismatches may occur prior to or post-hatching. This factor has been studied extensively using the pulmonary artery/bronchus clamp model. At high altitude, a decreased ventilation/perfusion ratio may occur following the effective increase in physiological dead space due to the lowered oxygen tension at the level of the parabronchi. This explains the mechanism by which ascites is triggered by hypoxia in this particular situation. The effects of ascites are ameliorated by the use of b 2 agonists and dietary arginine, which act by increasing ventilation and blood¯ow in the lungs and thus correcting a ventilation/perfusion mismatch. Transient bacterial and viral infections may also in¯uence the induction of pulmonary hypertension. The increases in blood viscosity associated with ascites are most probably a consequence of the condition rather than a cause. A bird may alleviate the effects of pulmonary hypertension by decreasing blood viscosity through inhibition of platelet function, increased erythrocyte deformability and the production of coronary relaxants. Evidence is accumulating that primary cardiac pathology may be associated with a number of ascites cases. Broilers that subsequently develop ascites, exhibit lower heart rates than their normal¯ock mates. Furthermore, during ascites, hypoxic broilers exhibit bradycardia as opposed to the expected tachycardia. In these cases, a tachycardia induced by feed restriction may protect the bird by raising its cardiac output. Right atrio-ventricular regurgitant¯ow velocities in chickens are relatively slow compared with similar regurgitant¯ows induced by pulmonary hypertension in other species. The conduction system in the avian heart is specialized and contains a recurrent bundle branch that innervates the right atrio-ventricular valve, thus initiating active valve closure before right ventricular systole. This predisposes the heart to right ventricular volume overload through a valvular incompetance following a failure of valvular innervation. The resultant elevated diastolic wall stress can trigger the production of angiotensin II and its converting enzyme, which mediate ventricular hypertrophy. Subclinical myocardial damage, irrespective of its cause, can be detected by the presence of troponin T in the blood. Reactive oxygen species may damage cell me...

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Heart Rate of Chickens as Influenced by Age and Gonadal Hormones

Cited by 33 publications

References 0 publications

Non‐invasive determination of heart rate in newly hatched chicks

Non‐invasive determination of heart rate in newly hatched chicks

Effects of body mass on physiological and anatomical parameters of mature salmon: evidence against a universal heart rate scaling exponent

Ascites in poultry: Recent investigations

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