Heartworm disease – Overview, intervention, and industry perspective

Noack, Sandra; Harrington, John; Carithers, Douglas S.; Kaminsky, Ronald; Selzer, Paul M.

doi:10.1016/j.ijpddr.2021.03.004

Cited by 75 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 282 publications

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“…As the scenario of the distribution of canine parasites and VBDs is in continuous evolution, further large-scale studies are warranted for more comprehensive knowledge on the epizootiological risks in European territories, and to understand if and how the routine use of broad-spectrum endo-ectoparasiticides needs a refinement based on local settings. The use of ectoparasiticides and/or repellents is the most effective strategy to minimize the risk of diseases transmitted by arthropod vectors, while dog angiostrongylosis and dirofilariosis can be prevented by the monthly administration of macrocyclic lactones like milbemycin oxime and moxidectin [ 138 , 139 , 140 , 141 ]. Although cases of LOE/ML-resistant strain of heartworm are known to occur in North America, this is not the case in Europe [ 142 , 143 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous Exposure to Angiostrongylus vasorum and Vector-Borne Pathogens in Dogs from Italy

et al. 2021

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Several drivers have recently fostered the expansion of Angiostrongylus vasorum throughout Europe, where Vector-Borne Pathogens (VBPs) are also spreading. However, the level of simultaneous risk of infection is still unknown in canine populations. This study evaluated the simultaneous exposure to A. vasorum and major canine VBPs in dogs of Italy. Sera of 294 dogs were subjected to two ELISAs, detecting A. vasorum circulating antigens and antibodies against the parasite, and to the following assays: (i) SNAP® 4DX (IDEXX Laboratories Inc.) detecting Dirofilaria immitis antigens, and antibodies vs. Borrelia burgdorferi, Anaplasma spp. and Ehrlichia spp. and (ii) IFAT for the detection of antibodies vs. Leishmania infantum, Babesia canis and Rickettsia conorii. Twenty-two (7.5%, CI: 4.8–11.1%) and six (2%, CI: 0.7–4.4%) dogs scored positive for circulating A. vasorum antibodies and antigens, respectively. Seventeen dogs (5.8%, CI: 3.4–9.1%) were positive for A. vasorum antibodies + at least one VBP, three (1%, CI: 0.2–3%) for A. vasorum antigen + at least one VBP, while one dog (0.3%, CI: 0.01–1.88%) was positive for A. vasorum antigen + A. vasorum antibodies + B. canis antibodies. These results show that dogs living in different regions of Italy are at risk of simultaneous infections with both A. vasorum and VBPs. Despite the same scenario being likely in other countries of Europe, the current knowledge is scant. Therefore, further studies are warranted to amplify current epizootiological information and to understand whether control programs should be improved.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous Exposure to Angiostrongylus vasorum and Vector-Borne Pathogens in Dogs from Italy

et al. 2021

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“…Furthermore, milbemycin oxime at dosages < 2.5 mg/kg is postulated as a safe macrocyclic lactone, even in sensitive dogs [28]. Compromised by dyspnea and an injured liver, however, even a mildly reduced function of the blood-brain-barrier P-gp channel protein, responsible for the efflux of macrocyclic lactones from the brain cells to prevent neurotoxicity [29,30], may have contributed to the faster progression of brain injury and earlier death in Puppy-1. Atelectasis and severe perivascular edema probably triggered the terminal respiratory distress in Puppy-2, resulting in more acute hypoxia-induced necrosis and apoptosis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunohistochemical Markers of Apoptotic and Hypoxic Damage Facilitate Evidence-Based Assessment in Pups with Neurological Disorders

Orekhova

Mazzariol

Sussan

et al. 2021

Veterinary Sciences

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Seizures in puppies often present a diagnostic challenge in terms of identifying and treating the underlying cause. Dog breeds with mutations of the MDR1-gene are known to show adverse reactions to certain drugs, yet metabolic imbalance exacerbated by physiologically immature organs and other contributing pathologies require consideration before arriving at a diagnosis. This study analysed the brains of two male, 5-week-old Australian Shepherd siblings that died after displaying severe neurological symptoms upon administration of MilproVet® to treat severe intestinal helminth infection. Despite the initial symptoms being similar, their case histories varied in terms of the symptom duration, access to supportive therapy and post-mortem interval. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry were used to obtain more information about the phase of the pathological processes in the brain, employing protein markers associated with acute hypoxic damage (β-amyloid precursor protein/APP) and apoptosis (diacylglycerolkinase-ζ/DGK-ζ, apoptotic protease activating factor 1/Apaf1, and B-cell lymphoma related protein 2/Bcl-2). The results seem to reflect the course of the animals’ clinical deterioration, implicating that the hypoxic damage to the brains was incompatible with life, and suggesting the usefulness of the mentioned immunohistochemical markers in clarifying the cause of death in animals with acute neurological deficits.

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“…Next, macrocyclic lactones, e.g., milbemycin oxime, were supplied in products that prevented heartworms and killed internal parasites. Today, upon this monthly orally administered platform, more and more has been added, e.g., flea control with lufenuron (a chitin inhibitor), spinosad (an insecticide); and to topical applied and absorbed heartworm preventive/dewormers have been added also topical insecticides, e.g., imidacloprid ( Noack et al, 2021 ). In addition, for tapeworm control, praziquantel has been added to the monthly heartworm preventives.…”

Section: What Is Different In Dogs and Cats Concerning Occurrence Treatment And Control Of Intestinal Parasites Compared With Ruminants Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Spread of anthelmintic resistance in intestinal helminths of dogs and cats is currently less pronounced than in ruminants and horses – Yet it is of major concern

Samson‐Himmelstjerna

Thompson

Krücken

et al. 2021

International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistan

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Anthelmintic resistance (AR) has thus far only rarely been reported for intestinal helminths of dogs and cats, in contrast to parasites of livestock and horses. We highlight possible reasons for this striking and important discrepancy, including ecological, biological and genetic factors and/or intervention regimens of key intestinal helminths concerning both host groups. In view of the current knowledge related to the genetics, mechanisms and principles of AR development, we point at issues which in our view contribute to a comparatively lower risk of AR development in intestinal helminths of dogs and cats. Finally, we specify research needs and provide recommendations by which, based on the available information about AR in ruminant and equine helminths, the development of AR in dog and cat helminths may best be documented, prevented or at least postponed.

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Heartworm disease – Overview, intervention, and industry perspective

Cited by 75 publications

References 282 publications

Simultaneous Exposure to Angiostrongylus vasorum and Vector-Borne Pathogens in Dogs from Italy

Simultaneous Exposure to Angiostrongylus vasorum and Vector-Borne Pathogens in Dogs from Italy

Immunohistochemical Markers of Apoptotic and Hypoxic Damage Facilitate Evidence-Based Assessment in Pups with Neurological Disorders

Spread of anthelmintic resistance in intestinal helminths of dogs and cats is currently less pronounced than in ruminants and horses – Yet it is of major concern

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